Theme For History B 12 Years A Slave - 2487 Words

Ja’Quez Vi’Jay West Professor Wright HIST 2111 26 April 2015 Theme for History B 12 Years a Slave is an emotionally driven movie and book that exemplifies the painful truths of slavery. Slaves were killed, raped, hanged, and were viewed as property with no heart or soul. The scenes of beatings taken place, and slaves being hung, will make any hearted witness grimace and cringe in despair. This particular genre of entertainment is needed in order to inform and teach the history and stories behind the slave trade. It gives a vivid insight of how my ancestors were mistreated and felt the burning of hell every day. Solomon said, â€Å"He could not compare to nothing else than the burning agonies of hell† (45). We talk about slavery and how cruel it was, but I would not know unless I actually had to experience it myself. I’m not a voyeur of slavery, but I am a spectator through reading and watching. I do not enjoy reading a novel or observing a film that involves anything with black suffering, but in contrast I believe that by engagin g in this type of theatre you can become a witness. I use this source of entertainment to gain knowledge and learn a sense of entitlement to my own history. I am a black man in America with no known ancestral history, the only historian in my family is my 78 year old grandmother, and at times her stories become vague and distorted with little recollection of her own mother. My last name is West, such a simple last name, there is high possibility that IShow MoreRelatedThe New York Times By Richard Taruskin1199 Words   |  5 PagesComposers have been writing nationalistic works for years but not many people know that some composers are using nationalistic techniques for a completely different reason. In an article in the New York Times written by Richard Taruskin entitled â€Å"Nationalism: Colonialism in Disguise†, Taruskin explains how musicians these days are using nationalism, strong patriotic feelings toward ones’ country, as a disguise for colonialism in order to be recognized as a well-known composer such as Beethoven orRead MoreCh 12 Essay1177 Words   |  5 PagesChapter 12 The Second War for Independence and the Upsurge of Nationalism, 1812–1824 1. A Scary War with Britain (pp. 233–240) a. What do the authors say at the outset is the â€Å"supreme lesson† of the War of 1812? The leading a divided and apathetic people into war is a bad idea b. For two years, the Americans and British fought to a standstill in Canada. What event in Europe in 1814 allowed the British to concentrate all their forces in America? Napoleons power was destroyed Read MoreHistory SBA Guidelines2091 Words   |  9 PagesGRAYDON  SEALY  SECONDARY  SCHOOL  Ã‚      GENERAL  STUDIES  DEPARTMENT  Ã‚   HISTORY      Guidelines  for  the  Completion  of  Caribbean  History  SBA   ⠝â€" Please  note  that  the  guidelines  that  follow  are  to  assist  youÍ ¾Ã‚  therefore,  they  should  be   followed.  However,  if  you  are  Ã¢â‚¬â€¹ unclear​   about  anything  pertaining  to  what  you  have  to   do,  it  is  Ã¢â‚¬â€¹ your​   Ã¢â‚¬â€¹ responsibility  to  seek  the  necessary  assistance  from  your  subject   teacher.                              CXC  Caribbean  History  Examination  Outline   The  CXC  History  Paper  consists  of  three  parts: 1. PapeRead MoreStill I Rise1036 Words   |  5 Pagesoverall effect on the meaning of the poem, creating the poem to be more thought-provoking to the reader. The first poetic device Maya Angelou uses throughout her poem is repetition. In the poem, she continuously uses the phrase â€Å"I’ll rise† (Angelou 12). The repetition of this phrase emphasizes the hope and confidence she has to overcome the struggles she is facing as an African American. The idea of moving forward and being a successful individual despite what society may bring towards someone isRead MoreThe Trans Atlantic Slave Trade2208 Words   |  9 PagesAtlantic slave trade as a â€Å"Numbers Game.† Curtin found that historians conceptualized the commodification of human beings through quantification. A year earlier in 1968, Frederick George Kay claimed in The Shameful Trade that fifty million Africans were exported into slavery in foreign lands. Twenty years later, Paul Lovejoy offered a summary of the field. He argued â€Å"that known scale of the slave trade was on the order of 11,863,000† Africans were exported into bondage. Then ten years la ter, inRead MoreThe Age of Revolutions1515 Words   |  7 Pageschapter, written by Gary B. Nash, demonstrates some of the global impact of the American Revolution. â€Å"The American Revolution, with the lofty goals of its early years for recreating government and society, set off a wave of radical, even utopian, thinking where the water of the Atlantic tumbled ashore.† (Armitage, 1) Focusing on main figures of that time Nash provides accounts of other countries speaking out against the freedoms offered by America to everyone but their slaves. Using key figures suchRead MoreMusic : A New Form Of Music1858 Words   |  8 PagesStates. This new form of music began as chants and call and response in the slave fields and on farms and began to incorporate traditional African music, singing and chants. The themes mostly consisting of hard times and emotional turmoil in its beginning stages. Over the years it grew and developed until it had become what we now know today as The B lues . The first stage of the blues we know about were African slave chants. They were mostly call and response songs and occasionally a narrativeRead MoreMichael Jackson Sang The Famous Line, If You Wan Na Make The World A Better Place1495 Words   |  6 PagesChange is in fact a big theme in the 1987 hit song â€Å"The Man in the Mirror † (Appendix E), where the late artist Michael Jackson sang the famous line, â€Å"If you wanna make the world a better place, take a look at yourself and make a change.† Fast forward to a modern-day 2016 filled with political unrest, poverty, and waning human rights, Michael Jackson’s message of self-reflection eventually translating into social change finds its relevancy today, despite the song s thirty-years-old tenure. It introducesRead MoreThe Exodus2084 Words   |  9 Pagesimplicates important themes: divine promise and fulfillment of it, eternal covenant, human suffering and redemption. Paradigmatically, the Exodus provides th e powerful image of the archetype for all subsequent redemption and liberation experiences, it has become a powerful symbol in Western political thought. [3] This essay chronologically considers the Exodus with its theological meaning. Historical Background of the Exodus: the Late Bronze Age In Western AsiaSeveral hundred years of relative silenceRead MoreTrans Altlantic Slave Trade2171 Words   |  9 Pagesï » ¿The Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade The Trans-Atlantic slave trade was a transportation of mostly West African slaves over a period of three and a half centuries across the Atlantic Ocean to America and Europe. An estimated twelve million men, women, and children were taken from their African homelands to be used as slaves. The slave trade provided a great labour force for America and both the United States

The Incidence Of Cervical Cancer - 983 Words

According to the American Cancer Society (ACS) cervical cancer incidence rate among Hispanic women residing in the United States, is about 60% higher than among non-Hispanic white women. A geographic analysis in the United States found that, Hispanic women experience the highest cervical cancer incidence rates of any racial/ethnic group in every region; the highest rates were found among Hispanic women in the Midwest, likely due to large numbers of new immigrants in this region (ACS, 2016). This paper will briefly analyze the most relevant literature related to the incidence of cervical cancer the relationship with Human papilloma virus (HPV) vaccination rates among Hispanic women. METHODS My search consisted of the words; HPV and Hispanic women, HPV vaccination and Hispanic women, HPV rates among Hispanics, access to HPV vaccine, cervical cancer, health care access, and disparities. The databases that I searched were CINAHL, the American Cancer Association and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention website. My only search criteria was that the articles had to have been published after the year 2011 and be in English. Finding articles related to the subject was not difficult since this is a well addressed and relevant health subject. RESULTS According to the literature, the following are considered to be some of the primary barriers and limitations affecting the access of Hispanic women to the HPV vaccine. Social, economic and cultural barriers play a veryShow MoreRelatedHigh Incidence Of Breast And Cervical Cancer873 Words   |  4 PagesDue to the high incidence of breast and cervical cancer, which continues to rise, the need for better screening protocols and interventions require a successful program such as this is highly recommended. Cervical and breast cancer continue to be the leading cancers seen among women with a much increase incidence seen in impoverished individuals as a result of late detection and treatment which often results in death. Many of these women have lost interest in themselves and just do not care, asRead MoreCauses And Treatment Of Cervical Cancer1335 Words   |  6 PagesINTRODUCTION Cervical cancer is a disease in which malignant (cancer) cells form in the tissues of the cervix or cervix uteri. Cervical cancer is the third most commonly diagnosed cancer and the fourth leading cause of cancer death in females worldwide with over 527,000 new cases 1,2 and perhaps the second most common cancer among women in the third world countries 3-5 It accounts for 9% of the total new cancer cases and 8% (more than 265,000) of the total cancer deaths among females.1,2 More thanRead MoreThe HPV Vaccine and Its Effect on Cancer Screening and Prevention1650 Words   |  7 PagesThe HPV vaccine and its effect on cancer screening and prevention Introduction Human Papillomavirus(HPV) is the most common sexually transmitted infection in the United States, according to Centers for Disease Control and Prevention(CDC) around 20 million people are infected with HPV and additional 6.2 million people are newly infected every year. According to National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey in 2003-2004 among sexually active women (57% of 14 to 19 years and 97% of 20 toRead MoreCervical Cancer Screening Programmes For The Women Essay1365 Words   |  6 Pages Cervical Cancer Screening Programme Cervical cancer is one of the highly popular disease for the women. Different programmes has been made up to fight against this deadly disease. New Zealand has one of the best screening programmes in the world. The establishment of National Cervical Cancer Screening Programme in NZ in 1990 had reduced a significant number of 60% of women who develop cervical cancer and who die from it since it was built. More than 1 million New Zealander women are enrolledRead MoreThe Human Papillomavirus ( Hpv ) Essay1326 Words   |  6 Pagesvarious types of oropharyngeal and/or anogenital cancers. There are currently three vaccines licensed by the FDA since 2006—Cervarix, Gardasil, and Gardasil 9. These vaccines are a 3-dose series recommended for routine use among girls and boys at ages 11 and 12, and ages 13-26 for those who have not previously been infected. Although these vaccines do not protect against all HPV strains, they do protect against the two most common high-risk (cancer-c ausing) strains—types 16 and 18. In addition toRead MoreHPV Case Study786 Words   |  4 Pageslower incidence of cervical cancer and a higher incidence of vulvar cancer, while vaginal cancers associated with HPV occur more frequently in black females CITE JEMAL 2013 HPV linked oropharyngeal cancers are increasing in both sexes across all ethnicities with the exception of blacks, and hpv associated anal cancers have increased in both males and females of all races and ethnicities CITE JEMAL 2013 In the state of Florida, between 1981 and 2009, there was a higher incidence of cervical, vaginalRead MoreCervical Cancer : The Commonest Causes Of Death Worldwide1531 Words   |  7 Pages Cervical cancer is one of the commonest causes of death worldwide. (Chabra 2016). This is the third most common cancer (9%) in women and seventh (4%) among all cancer deaths. (Chabra 2016). Cervical carcinoma is mostly preventable as screening is available for early diagnosis and there is existence of highly efficacious treatment regimens for early stage disease. (Marcus, Crane, 1998). That’s why death from cervical carcinoma is categorized as â€Å"avoidable mortality†, even though, it is killingRead MoreCauses Of Cancer Research And Genetic Development Of Ceervical Cancer1180 Words   |  5 PagesSIGNIFICANCE Cervical cancer incidence in the United States has decreased dramatically since the development of the human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine in 2006. The vaccine, in combination with regular cervical cytological screenings (Pap tests), has since rendered cervical cancer preventable (1,2). However, worldwide cervical cancer incidence and mortality rates remain high, with 528,000 new cases and 266,000 deaths reported in 2012 (3). Critical barriers to progress in cervical cancer research andRead MoreCeervical Cancer Case Study750 Words   |  3 Pagesshould be screened for cervical cancer. Women age 30-65 should have a Pap (Papanicolaous) smear done every three years or Pap smear in combination with human papillomavirus (HPV) testing every 5 years (American Cancer Society [ACS], 2016). HPV is the leading cause of cervical cancer. Smoking doubles a woman’s risk of developing cervical cancer and it also weakens the body’s immune system to fight the HPV virus (ACS, 2017). Cervical cancer is the 4th most commonly diagnosed cancer among women worldwideRead MoreThe Issue Of Breast Cancer1233 Words   |  5 Pageshear the word cancer come out of a providers mouth can be one of the scariest times of anyone life. So many questions pop into ones head, what do I have or how did I get it, and what do I do know. Breast and cervical cancer are two of the most common cancers diagnosed in women worldwide (Siegel, Miller, Jemal, 2015). Breast cancer starts to develop when cells in the breast start to grow out of control and form tumors (American Cancer Society , 2015). The population that breast cancer effects is women

Domestic Violence in Australia

Question: Discuss about theDomestic Violence in Australia. Answer: Introduction Family and domestic violence refer to a situation whereby someone who can be a husband or in a family connection use violent behavior to control and dominate another person. Although physical abuse is usually related to domestic violence, other types of behaviors may also associate with violence, for instance, sexual assault, emotional, oral ill-treatment, economic abuse, annoyance isolating the person in society among others. In the case of Australia, the government has specific laws designed to mitigate marital aggression; such rules hold up the various doctrines established in the UN Assertion on the Abolition of Domestic brutality against ladies and Children (Sherman, 2007). Theoretical Framework The Victorian government and W. Australia have outlined structures used to screen and assess the risks associated with domestic violence. Viewing and risk evaluation are important tools while stating the process as they enhance the involvement of the domestic violence risk and thus they are applicable in various diverse exertion environments. However, preparation offered by an expert on domestic brutality overhaul can help to implement a move toward escalating security for females and also their kids, particularly in the absence of a clear framework. The three necessary steps to mitigate domestic violence are; first is the preparation of Risk Frameworks to encourage and support disclosure (screening) followed by Identifying the risk which in our case is the domestic and family violence (risk assessment) .lastly one need to work with the client to enhance their security that is the safety planning. Risk Assessment Framework Many risk frameworks have developed in Australia based on evidence of the family and domestic occurrence. Adoption of these frameworks helps to guide what can be performed; evaluating risk is an application that requires special skill and knowhow. The employee is not only anticipated to put into practice the risk structure but also is supposed to benefit from this knowledge of risk assessment thus; it is recommended to train in the application of these frameworks. In Austria, domestic aggression is mostly practiced by male people against their female colleagues; however, it can also be reverse (Headey, 2004). In Victoria, the source of violence varies and in this regard family-like relationships and witnessing any violence in the family is considered as family violence for example, in the case of Tasmania. Part 2 While most of the people in Australia do not give a detailed report on incidences of domestic brutality to the established powers concerned, most of them look for guidance or help from relatives, acquaintances or even society services in large. However, this needs to be discouraged to fight the war against domestic violence. Stakeholders groups associated with the domestic violence These include; Australian government, social groups, policy makers, courts police among others. Some of the stakeholders are explained below; Police as a Stakeholder Domestic and family violence policing is a government policing priority and to fight domestic violence, the government launched the Australasian Policing Strategy November in 2008. This policy ensures that responses by jurisdictions based on more responsible policies and practices. Police may use powers and search, seizure, arrest, direction, and detention while responding to the family and domestic violence. They may also give orders issued to people who have violet the law against domestic violence (Sherman, 2007). Nevertheless, the period and circumstances which are related to these rules and regulations can differ across different countries. Specialized Courts Specialized family violence courts commonly known as family violence is in many parts of Australia. These regions include; Victoria and Western parts. The established special relatives brutality courts offer a big range of extents specialized, measures; they sustain services; provide extraordinary provision for victim security; lawbreaker are brought to question, and justice found. Lastly, there are wide problem-solving approaches. The Policy Response to Domestic Brutality Government fight for domestic brutality takes diverse forms that include precautionary procedures, supporting the victimized people and families concerned and also makes sure that the laws outlined enforced. Furthermore, most of the programs established and services offered aim at preventing domestic violence and also consequently support the sufferers as described by Australian states vie their society service and wellbeing departments along with police authorities. Global Community Policy Communities articulate policy regarding their fight to domestic aggression. For instance, the U K's home headquarters has created the Government policies. More so, Australian administrators have also set forward the meaning the related family domestic violence that affects the citizens. The government actions and efforts to fight domestic aggression, that include the efforts to raise related agencies, enhance public consciousness, progress the response of the rule enforcement structure, collect information on domestic brutality, offer safe provisional housing facilities, and lastly, deal with the behavior of the perpetrators (Hegarty 2000). Politic Context The campaign against domestic aggression is supported in all administration arms through HiAP that is supervised and enhanced by the Australian cabinet and also the premier party. However, this campaign at first acknowledged strong political support from the Southern Australian partly that got advice from the Scholars in program residence based which was straightforwardly connected to the SASP. Today, HiAP is further satisfactory because it operates within the stipulated framework of Australian administrators rather than forming new structures. The effort has been the focus of the HiAP exertion shift because they are currently affected by the political circumstances in the country. Also, the government is mandated to over-arch government programs that are designed to mitigate domestic aggression. Comment Note that domestic conflict among partners is not only a family issue but also a complex social issue that need to be mitigated. For this reason, there is a deep change in community consciousness concerning this grave problem. Thus, through cooperation by all stakeholders, domestic brutality is no longer away from the reach by governments or the denial of the society. However, much have not been done to fight domestic violence is necessary for further progress. Part 3 Achievements of Domestic Violence Policies at National and Regional Level Although there are government financed programs that operate in the areas of the country, for instance, the supported housing, each authority funds its programs intended to prevent family brutality and more so help those citizens influenced through their society service or individual services. The Inter-government organization to mitigate domestic violence is harmonized by the Council enacted by parliament. National Plans Through the national program, there is a reduction in the case of domestic violence against women. The central initiative of the government is designed to address the family violence. The central division of communal services works jointly with the office organized by women. The national plan has a well-known determined structure for domestic violence and set out six state results to be analyzed for 12 years. Many people are free from aggression and the relationships in the family set up are respectful and also victims are getting justice. Provision of House Services The victims flee from violent domestic situations and thus face the problem of homelessness. However, through various government initiatives, these services have been offered. For example, the government budgeted $115.0 million during the year 201415 to solve the accommodation problem to the domestic violence victims. Housing services were budgeted as there is a crisis in service deliberation ongoing NPAH financial support beyond June 2014 not eventuates. During subsequent year, the Australian government allocated $230 million to extend accommodation services to the victims who flee from domestic violence. Comment on the Effectiveness of the Reviewed Policies For strategies to be successful, it is significant to learn from precedent programs and confirm that the solution of these problems discussed above is addressed. It is also important to do in-depth research on nature and also the extent of domestic aggression among citizens, mostly in vulnerable people. The program policies are subjective to constant screening and assessment to establish the effective solution and that the discussed situation favors the effectiveness. Impact of Current Policies on Public Health Principles on: Equity The commission assists citizens in solving the raised complain of discriminatory action under the Sex Inequity Act that includes preferential treatment by sex, marital status and also during pregnancy. This Act usually protects workers who have family roles and those who make sexual abuse on women against the Australian constitution (Ptacek, 2009). The Sex bias commissioner operates in association with a wide scope of gatherings to advance sex balance and opposes separation; sexual manhandle, abusive behavior at home against ladies and various hindrances to sex correspondence. Woman likewise attempts significant research extends and gives strategy guidance to government and others to achieve positive change (Hegarty, 2000). Inequality is a key determinant of viciousness against ladies. In late decades, Australia women have followed critical steps towards achieving equity enjoyed by men in schools, in working opportunities, in government sits, a rising total number of women who have gone up against initiative parts, producing pathways for other girls and young women to take after. Social Justice in Australia Access justice is fundamental to be a privilege of each Australian and is vital to advancing social consideration. The strategic framework for access to social justice in the Federal Civil Justice System looks to guarantee all Australians have risen to access to equity. Australian ladies are over-spoken to as low maintenance laborers in low-paid enterprises and uncertain work and keep on being underrepresented in authority parts in the private and open areas. However, women from Australian states like Victoria are over-represented as part-time workers in low-paid industries, and this discourages the social justice (Ptacek, 2009) Social Determinants in Australia Essential determinants of native welfare disparity in Australia include lack of equal right to use to basic health services and also the lower standard of protection framework in Indigenous people group (accommodation, food, sanitation and so on) contrasted with different Australians. Be that as it may, the arrangements have enhanced the administrations that are essential to the general population concerned (Taft, 2003) Part .4 The various diversity of strategies used to mitigate domestic and family violence in Australia and internationally. Some of the approaches that help to keep women safe from domestic abuse are; an establishment of an Advisory Panel which guides on practical ways to solve domestic violence in Australia. Victoria Police seriousness regarded nowadays as family violence, Victorian's domestic violence Risk Estimation, Risk organization structure and development of Risk Assessment and lastly the establishment of Management Panels to proactively monitor perpetrators. Australia has lower rates of abusive behavior at home contrasted with other nations that have larger amounts of gender inequalities. A WHO worldwide survey on the commonness of close accomplice brutality and sexual cruelty noticed whereby the extensive variety in the predominance of viciousness alongside women show how this type of cruelty is not inescapable and can, therefore, be avoided or decreased (Taft, 2003). The Council of Government formed in Australia mostly focus on activity intended to address abusive behavior at home is the national plan to lower the rate of brutality faced by females and also their children. Furthermore, the national and regional plans has been put in practice decidedly by many related groups or rather partners and observers, but yet most of them contend to progressing, coordinated resourcing and subsidizing overall states is urgent to impact long haul change. Tensions and Alliances within the Stakeholder Groups Essential determiners of traditional welfare disparity in the state integrate absence of a corresponding right to use basic health services and this lower standard of well-being among the citizens' framework in Indigenous people group (accommodation, food, sanitation and so on) contrasted with different Australians. Be that as it may, the arrangements have enhanced the administrations that are essential to the general population concerned. Tensions that relate the confidentiality went to the fore while talking about the route in which ladies were eluded or connected in with the Network. One woman gave a record that was illustrative of the encounters of other Network customers. She portrayed how she had come into contact with the gathering. The WHO worldwide survey on the predominance of close accomplice viciousness and non-accomplice sexual brutality calls attention to that the high pervasiveness of abusive behavior at home the world over outlines why there is a requirement for governments to concentrate more on avoidance systems and not just give bolster administrations to those influenced (Garcia-Moreno, 2006 ) Intervention for the avoidance of family and aggressive behavior at home are; testing social standards that strengthen male power and control (Phillips, 2006). Next is the approved of viciousness against ladies; diminishing levels of adolescence women exposure to violence; changing the oppressive family law; economic rights; disposing of sexual orientation discrimination in enjoying the proper wage work and less important training; and, at an entity level, a reduction I consumption of unsafe liquor. Evidence of the Benefits of Policy Alternatives There are numerous courses in which the adequacy of projects can be measured, and that more subjective evaluations uncover that such projects can even now assume a part in enhancing people groups' lives. Examination from the UK has demonstrated that separated from diminishing viciousness, ladies who are accomplices of men required in aggressive behavior at home conduct change programs considered the accompanying issues critical for measuring program achievement: respectful/enhanced connections extended space for activity, bolster/diminished seclusion ,improved child rearing and culprits understanding the effect of aggressive behavior at home (Weisz, 2000). The rates of ladies being slaughtered by their male private accomplices, the type of aggressive behavior at home that is slightest subject to reporting predispositions, has diminished as of late. Be that as it may, it has diminished at generally a similar rate of every single other type of murder and is subsequently hard to connect with expanded mindfulness or incorporated reactions. Part 5 A risk assessment theoretical framework comprises of concepts along with the detailed definition and together with particular reference to relevant scholar's literature work, the existing theory is used for the research study. The framework must portray an understanding of thesis and concepts that are pertinent to the topic of research work, and that relate to the broader areas of knowledge considered (Riggs, 2000). Importance of Theoretical Framework This framework was first developed in Victoria to serve the purpose of guiding standard methods of assessing the domestic violence whereby it is largely present. It is, therefore, a valuable tool that assists in building an incorporated violence assessment and solving system to standardize solutions and also offer service delivery to the people affected. It is, therefore, applicable in a different variety of expert and standard theoretical settings. Thus, its usefulness is seen in promoting; a collective perceptive of these risks on family cruelty while standardized method for identifying and assessing risk, appropriate referral pathways and information sharing and also supports the domestic violence risk management strategies include continuing appraisal and brutality case administration (Hegarty, 2000) Limitations of Risk Appraisal Framework Domestic brutality risk evaluation tools relate mainly to physical abuse among partners. It is not intended to evaluate domestic violence peril to children. Thus, this ought not to be applied in a family law framework to evaluate the wellbeing of children against domestic violence or even to give a good reason for abuse of children rights, decrease or late admission to support or as a substitute for comprehensive deliberation of evidence that fact based (Saunders, 2000). Conclusion The urgency of the call for reaction to the subject of domestic violence in Australia and also the constraint of research to evaluate benefit interventions have obtained a domain that shows experiences from small range studies regularly appraised into strategy and expertise performance with no sufficient free imitation or indication of their plausible inadequacy. During evaluation of citizens' violence intercessions are bound, normally, to small or less creative projects give likelihood to build up a link or control study to indicate the success of the research project, instead of concentrating on the major existing family violence mediations. Family aggression should be eradicated among the people as per the Australian Constitution Act. This will be enhanced through collaboration with concerned stakeholders to fight domestic violence and more so appreciating women in our society. References Campbell, J. C., Webster, D., Koziol-McLain, J., Block, C., Campbell, D., Curry, M. A. Sharps, P. (2003). Risk factors for femicide in abusive relationships: Results from a multisite case control study. American journal of public health, 93(7), 1089-1097. Freiberg, A. (2001). Problem-oriented courts: Innovative solutions to intractable problems?. Journal of judicial administration, 11(1), 8-27. Free Press. Schepard, A. (1999). Evolving Judicial Role in Child Custody Disputes: From Fault Finder to Conflict Manager to Differential Case Management, The. UALR L. Rev., 22, 395. Garcia-Moreno, C., Jansen, H. A., Ellsberg, M., Heise, L., Watts, C. H. (2006). Prevalence of intimate partner violence: findings from the WHO multi-country study on women's health and domestic violence. The Lancet, 368(9543), 1260-1269. Nelson, T. O. (1990). Metamemory: A theoretical framework and new findings. Psychology of learning and motivation, 26, 125-173. Ptacek, J. (Ed.). (2009). Restorative justice and violence against women. Oxford University Press. Hegarty, K., Hindmarsh, E. D., Gilles, M. T. (2000). Domestic violence in Australia: definition, prevalence and nature of presentation in clinical practice. The Medical Journal of Australia, 173(7), 363-367. Headey, B., Scott, D., De Vaus, D. (2004). Domestic violence in Australia: are women and men equally violent?. Australian Social Monitor, 2(3), 57. Janssen, P. A., Holt, V. L., Sugg, N. K., Emanuel, I., Critchlow, C. M., Henderson, A. D. (2003). Intimate partner violence and adverse pregnancy outcomes: a population-based study. American journal of obstetrics and gynecology, 188(5), 1341-1347. Keohane, R. O. (1996). Internationalization and domestic politics. Cambridge University Press. Laing, L. (2000). Progress, trends and challenges in Australian responses to domestic violence. Australian Domestic and Family Violence Clearinghouse, University of New South Wales. LeJeune, C., Follette, V. (1994). Taking Responsibility Sex Diffe rences in Reporting Dating Violence. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 9(1), 133-140. Lake, M. (1986). Historical reconsiderations IV: The politics of respectability: Identifying the masculinist context. Australian Historical Studies, 22(86), 116-131. Phillips, R. (2006). Undoing an activist response: Feminism and the Australian government's domestic violence policy. Critical Social Policy, 26(1), 192-219. Riggs, D. S., Caulfield, M. B., Street, A. E. (2000). Risk for domestic violence: Factors associated with perpetration and victimization. Journal of clinical psychology, 56(10), 1289-1316. Roberts, G. L., Raphael, B., Lawrence, J. M., O'Toole, B., O'Brien, D. (2007). Impact of an education program about domestic violence on nurses and doctors in an Australian emergency department. Journal of emergency Nursing, 23(3), 220-227. Roy, M. (Ed.). (2010). Battered women: A psychosociological study of domestic violence. New York, NY: Van Nostrand Reinhold Company. Sherman, L. W., Schmidt, J. D., Rogan, D. P. (2007). Policing domestic violence: Experiments and dilemmas. Taft, A. (2003). Promoting Women's Mental Health: The challenges of intimate/domestic violence against women. Australian Domestic and Family Violence Clearinghouse, University of New South Wales. Weisz, A. N., Tolman, R. M., Saunders, D. G. (2000). Assessing the Risk of Severe Domestic Violence The Importance of Survivors' Predictions. Journal of interpersonal violence, 15(1), 75-90. Walton-Moss, B. J., Manganello, J., Frye, V., Campbell, J. C. (2005). Risk factors for intimate partner violence and associated injury among urban women. Journal of community health, 30(5), 377-389.

The Internet as the Heart of Modern Civilization

Introduction Modern technologies have led to the development of the internet. The internet is currently important because it has resulted in enormous changes in the way human beings exchange ideas, communicate, shop, and even work. The internet has made the world a very small village thereby promoting economic development and information broadcasting.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on The Internet as the Heart of Modern Civilization specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The use of the internet is changing the world at a fascinating rate. Modern civilization is taking shape through the internet and telecommunications. With this in mind, this essay explains the idea that the internet is currently the heart of modern telecommunication. Telecommunications are the nervous system and circulatory system of this whole process. The Internet as the Heart of Modern Civilization It is without doubts that the internet is br inging enormous changes in our world. Because of this, many people have agreed that the internet has continued to have enormous impacts on the lives of many people today. The first instance of civilization is the way people communicate. Communication is one of the primary uses of modern technologies including the internet. The world has witnessed the increasing benefits of the internet through the quality and frequency of human interaction and interpersonal relations. People are now communicating easily and comfortable because of the internet (Gorp, 2007, p. 27). Proper communication leads to societal integrations thereby resulting satisfaction and happiness. In business, activities such as transportation and communication are relevant towards the success of the organization. Modern civilization has promoted the way business partners exchange ideas and information. The civilization process is also promoting transportation and logistics among businesses partners. With the internet, i t is easier to communicate instantly thereby determine the products to be transported and the time they should be delivered. The internet is therefore playing an enormous role towards new civilization (Targowski, 2008, p. 8). When organizations, people, and businesses are communicating effectively and instantly, it becomes possible to promote the best ideas and strategies. This will definitely promote civilization as it is happening in the world today. Information is necessary if we are to achieve new ideas and promote civilization. The internet is currently providing doctors, scientists, architects and engineers with immediate information in their specific fields. The information is necessary because it is helping them advance their ideas and understanding about the subject (Targowski, 2008, p. 14).Advertising Looking for research paper on communications media? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This development is increasing t he potential to address most of the problems faced in the different fields of study. The result is that society has become very civilized and developed. These are the positive results of internet use. Students in different colleges and institutions are finding the internet effective in exchanging information and technologies. This has improved the speed at which our world is becoming civilized. Civilization has a unique relationship with globalization. The world is becoming small because people are finding it easier to communicate and exchange their views across the globe. Some of the unique characteristics of globalization include fast exchange of information, improvement of trade, and promotion of policies with global relevance. Different countries are now shifting to global business because of the services provided by modern technologies. The internet is making it possible to send notifications and e-mails (Gorp, 2007, p. 42). The ability to communicate is a backbone towards civi lization. The internet has connected all the nations in the world. This has increased the level of communication and integration. As a result, the information exchanged through the internet provides businesses, learning institutions, and organizations with resourceful ideas and information used to promote modern civilization. Globalization is also defining new ways of doing business and addressing global problems. Currently we have different societies getting global support through the available means of communication. The internet is making it easier to communicate, implement policies and offer educational support to different individuals (King, 2009, p. 48). This has empowered the societies thereby addressing most of the problems addressing them. The internet is making most of the information in the developed nations available to the underdeveloped societies. With this information, these nations are relying on the available ideas to promote their activities in agriculture, managem ent of the economy, and implementation of policies capable of promoting sustainability. Because of this, the rate at which our world continues to get civilized is very interesting. Most of the modern technologies such as computer innovations and movie productions rely on the internet for development. The invention of the internet is currently presenting new strategies whereby companies are marketing their products and delivering them to their clients (Spielvogel, 2008, p. 48). This has improved international and local businesses thus developing different economies in the world. Although different technologies are not related to the internet, it is agreeable that the technology has made it possible for such civilizations to be realized. This is because different scientists and engineers are relying different methods of communication to exchange their skills and promote the best practices that will promote economic prosperity.Advertising We will write a custom research paper samp le on The Internet as the Heart of Modern Civilization specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The social media emerging from internet use has made it possible for individuals to interact and exchange their ideas to promote civilization. With this in mind, different people have relied on the advantages of the internet to communicate, develop, and promote the best incentives capable of presenting global civilization (Mumford, 2010, p. 63). The internet has become the heart of the new civilization emerging in the world today. With the internet, different successes have occurred in various sectors of the economy such as market, communication, transportation, and production industries. With these developments in place, the world easily fighting most of the hardships and challenges faced in different societies such as inequality and poverty. In our world today, modern civilization does not depend on the integrity of architectural designs and land scapes. This is based on the way people communicate and exchange their concepts and ideas. With the internet, it is now possible to communicate and explore the best concepts that will lead to better human integration. New civilizations are continuing to make human life comfortable and enjoyable than ever before (Mozaffari, 2012, p. 15). Currently, the number of people relying on the internet is growing at an amazing rate. With this trend, the world will get more civilized and improve the way we address most of the problems and challenges faced in life. Through social media, communication is becoming meaningful and instant. As a result, the balance of power in the global village is shifting due to the effects on communication. Through the internet, different societies have exchanged their views thereby bringing down most of the regimes that seem to oppress them (Mumford, 2010, p. 19). A good example is the revolution that took place in Libya. The revolution ended to a regime that had oppressed the country. The effects of social media on modern communication is currently shifting balance of power in our global village. As more people continue to rely on the internet, it becomes easier to address the problems faced in the society and lead to new developments and civilization. The internet and telecommunications have developed together. With the internet being the heart of civilization today, telecommunications are the nervous system and circulatory system of this wave of modernity. The modern means of communication such as computers and phones are effective in enabling communication today. These telecommunication devices also support internet-based applications thereby making communication possible.Advertising Looking for research paper on communications media? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Many people are today relying on different telecommunications to exchange ideas and knowledge thereby making it possible to become civilized (Mozaffari, 2012, p. 12). These technologies have improved different methods of communication through which different societies have achieved greater developments in the economy. The internet and telecommunication form a synergistic structure capable of improving human advancement and civilization. Conclusion The internet is presently the heart of human civilization. Many people are relying on the internet to promote economic activities, exchange ideas, and communicate amongst themselves. The internet educates and informs many people about the changes in the society. Through the internet, the human race has become highly civilized thereby addressing most of the challenges facing them. The internet is used hand-in-hand with telecommunications. This is the reason different forms of communication are the nervous system of this new civilization. If the world is to be civilized and be able to address the economic and social problems faced today, there is need to embrace the benefits of the internet because this will ensure the economic progress of the world. It is also necessary to promote different forms of telecommunications because they will promote human civilization. List of References Gorp, L 2007. Integrate the Internet Across the Content Areas, Prentice Hall, New Jersey. King, M 2009. Western civilization: a social and cultural history, The Free Press, New York. Mozaffari, M 2012. Globalization and civilizations, John Wiley and Sons, New York. Mumford, L 2010. Technics and Civilization, McGraw Hill, New York. Spielvogel, J 2008. Western Civilization: To 1500, Oxford University Press, New York. Targowski, A 2008. Information technology and societal development, Longman, New York. This research paper on The Internet as the Heart of Modern Civilization was written and submitted by user Alessandra O. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Influir Conjugation in Spanish, Translation, and Examples

Influir Conjugation in Spanish, Translation, and Examples The Spanish verb influir means to influence or to have influence on someone or something. Another verb with the same meaning is influenciar. This article includes the conjugations of influir in the present, past and future indicative, the present and past subjunctive, the imperative, and other verb forms. When conjugating influir, you must be careful with a spelling change that occurs whenever the vowel i would end up between two other vowels. When that happens, the i turns into y. For example, in the first person singular present (yo), the conjugation of influir would be yo influio. Since Spanish does not allow an i between two vowels, it changes into a y, so you end up with yo influyo (I influence). Influir Present Indicative In the present indicative tense, the spelling change i to y occurs in all of the conjugations except nosotros and vosotros. Yo influyo I influence Yo influyo en las decisiones de mi familia. Tà º influyes You influence Tà º influyes en la vida de tu hijo. Usted/à ©l/ella influye You/he/she influences Ella influye en las negociaciones de la compaà ±Ãƒ ­a. Nosotros influimos We influence Nosotros influimos en los resultados de las elecciones. Vosotros influà ­s You influence Vosotros influà ­s en el estado de nimo de vuestra amiga. Ustedes/ellos/ellas influyen You/they influence Ellos influyen en la dieta de los estudiantes. Influir Preterite Indicative In the preterite tense the spelling change i to y occurs only for the third person singular and plural conjugations. Yo influà ­ I influenced Yo influà ­ en las decisiones de mi familia. Tà º influiste You influenced Tà º influiste en la vida de tu hijo. Usted/à ©l/ella influyà ³ You/he/she influenced Ella influyà ³ en las negociaciones de la compaà ±Ãƒ ­a. Nosotros influimos We influenced Nosotros influimos en los resultados de las elecciones. Vosotros influisteis You influenced Vosotros influisteis en el estado de nimo de vuestra amiga. Ustedes/ellos/ellas influyeron You/they influenced Ellos influyeron en la dieta de los estudiantes. Influir Imperfect Indicative There are no spelling changes in the imperfect tense. To conjugate the imperfect simply use the ending for -er and -ir verbs (à ­a, à ­as, à ­a, à ­amos, à ­ais, à ­an). The imperfect can be translated as was influencing or used to influence. Yo influà ­a I used to influence Yo influà ­a en las decisiones de mi familia. Tà º influà ­as You used to influence Tà º influà ­as en la vida de tu hijo. Usted/à ©l/ella influà ­a You/he/she used to influence Ella influà ­a en las negociaciones de la compaà ±Ãƒ ­a. Nosotros influà ­amos We used to influence Nosotros influà ­amos en los resultados de las elecciones. Vosotros influà ­ais You used to influence Vosotros influà ­ais en el estado de nimo de vuestra amiga. Ustedes/ellos/ellas influà ­an You/they used to influence Ellos influà ­an en la dieta de los estudiantes. Influir Future Indicative There are no spelling changes in the future tense. Yo influirà © I will influence Yo influirà © en las decisiones de mi familia. Tà º influirs You will influence Tà º influirs en la vida de tu hijo. Usted/à ©l/ella influir You/he/she will influence Ella influiren las negociaciones de la compaà ±Ãƒ ­a. Nosotros influiremos We will influence Nosotros influiremosen los resultados de las elecciones. Vosotros influirà ©is You will influence Vosotros influirà ©is en el estado de nimo de vuestra amiga. Ustedes/ellos/ellas influirn You/they willinfluence Ellos influirn en la dieta de los estudiantes. Influir Periphrastic  Future Indicative   The periphrastic future is formed with three components: the present indicative conjugation of the verb ir (to go), the preposition a, and the infinitive influir. Yo voy a influir I am going to influence Yo voy a influir en las decisiones de mi familia. Tà º vasa influir You aregoing toinfluence Tà º vasa influiren la vida de tu hijo. Usted/à ©l/ella vaa influir You/he/she isgoing toinfluence Ella vaa influiren las negociaciones de la compaà ±Ãƒ ­a. Nosotros vamosa influir We aregoing toinfluence Nosotros vamosa influiren los resultados de las elecciones. Vosotros vaisa influir You aregoing toinfluence Vosotros vaisa influiren el estado de nimo de vuestra amiga. Ustedes/ellos/ellas vana influir You/they aregoing toinfluence Ellos vana influiren la dieta de los estudiantes. Influir Present Progressive/Gerund Form The present participle or gerund can be used as an adverb or to form progressive tenses. It is formed with the ending -ando (for -ar verbs) or -iendo (for -er and -ir verbs). When forming the gerund for influir, notice the spelling change i to y. Present Progressive of Influir est influyendo is influencing Ella est influyendo en las negociaciones de la compaà ±Ãƒ ­a. Influir Past Participle The past participle can be used as an adjective or to form compound tenses, like the present perfect. It is formed with the ending -ido for -er and -ir verbs and the ending -ado for -ar verbs. Present Perfect of Influir ha influido has influenced Ella ha influido en las negociaciones de la compaà ±Ãƒ ­a. Influir Conditional Indicative In the conditional tense are no spelling changes. It is formed with the infinitive influir and the conditional endings. Yo influirà ­a I would influence Yo influirà ­a en las decisiones de mi familia si me escucharan. Tà º influirà ­as You would influence Tà º influirà ­as en la vida de tu hijo si tuvieran una mejor relacià ³n. Usted/à ©l/ella influirà ­a You/he/she would influence Ella influirà ­aen las negociaciones de la compaà ±Ãƒ ­a si fuera la jefa. Nosotros influirà ­amos We would influence Nosotros influirà ­amos en los resultados de las elecciones, pero no somos suficientes. Vosotros influirà ­ais You would influence Vosotros influirà ­ais en el estado de nimo de vuestra amiga si no estuviera deprimida. Ustedes/ellos/ellas influirà ­an You/they wouldinfluence Ellos influirà ­an en la dieta de los estudiantes, pero no comen lo que les sirven. Influir Present Subjunctive In the present subjunctive, the spelling change i to y occurs in all of the conjugations. Que yo influya That I influence Patricia espera que yo influya en las decisiones de mi familia. Que tà º influyas That you influence El abuelo quiere que tà º influyas en la vida de tus hijos. Que usted/à ©l/ella influya That you/he/she influence El gerente espera que ella influya en las negociaciones de la compaà ±Ãƒ ­a. Que nosotros influyamos That we influence El presidente espera que nosotros influyamos en los resultados de las elecciones. Que vosotros influyis That you influence El consejero sugiere que vosotros influyis en el estado de nimo de vuestra amiga. Que ustedes/ellos/ellas influyan That you/they influence La nutricionista espera que ellos influyanen la dieta de los estudiantes. Influir Imperfect Subjunctive The imperfect subjunctive is conjugated with the third person plural conjugation (ellos, ellas, ustedes) in the preterite tense (influyeron), removing the on, and then adding the imperfect subjunctive endings. The tables below show the two options for conjugating the imperfect subjunctive. Option 1 Que yo influyera That I influenced Patricia esperaba que yo influyera en las decisiones de mi familia. Que tà º influyeras That you influenced El abuelo querà ­a que tà º influyeras en la vida de tus hijos. Que usted/à ©l/ella influyera That you/he/she influenced El gerente esperaba que ella influyera en las negociaciones de la compaà ±Ãƒ ­a. Que nosotros influyà ©ramos That we influenced El presidente esperaba que nosotros influyà ©ramosen los resultados de las elecciones. Que vosotros influyerais That you influenced El consejero sugerà ­a que vosotros influyerais en el estado de nimo de vuestra amiga. Que ustedes/ellos/ellas influyeran That you/they influenced La nutricionista esperaba que ellos influyeranen la dieta de los estudiantes. Option 2 Que yo influyese That I influenced Patricia esperaba que yo influyese en las decisiones de mi familia. Que tà º influyeses That you influenced El abuelo querà ­a que tà º influyeses en la vida de tus hijos. Que usted/à ©l/ella influyese That you/he/she influenced El gerente esperaba que ella influyese en las negociaciones de la compaà ±Ãƒ ­a. Que nosotros influyà ©semos That we influenced El presidente esperaba que nosotros influyà ©semosen los resultados de las elecciones. Que vosotros influyeseis That you influenced El consejero sugerà ­a que vosotros influyeseis en el estado de nimo de vuestra amiga. Que ustedes/ellos/ellas influyesen That you/they influenced La nutricionista esperaba que ellos influyesenen la dieta de los estudiantes. Influir Imperative Most of the imperative conjugations have the spelling change i to y. The tables below contain both the positive and negative commands. Positive Commands Tà º influye Influence!  ¡Influye en la vida de tus hijos! Usted influya Influence!  ¡Influya en las negociaciones de la compaà ±Ãƒ ­a! Nosotros influyamos Let's influence!  ¡Influyamos en los resultados de las elecciones! Vosotros influid Influence!  ¡Influid en el estado de nimo de vuestra amiga! Ustedes influyan Influence!  ¡Influyan en la dieta de los estudiantes! Negative Commands Tà º no influyas Don't influence!  ¡No influyas en la vida de tus hijos! Usted no influya Don't influence!  ¡No influya en las negociaciones de la compaà ±Ãƒ ­a! Nosotros no influyamos Let's not influence!  ¡No influyamos en los resultados de las elecciones! Vosotros no influyis Don't influence!  ¡No influyis en el estado de nimo de vuestra amiga! Ustedes no influyan Don't influence!  ¡No influyan en la dieta de los estudiantes!

A Rhetorical Analysis of Claude McKays Africa

A Rhetorical Analysis of Claude McKay's Africa In this critical essay, student Heather Glover offers a concise rhetorical analysis of the sonnet Africa by Jamaican-American writer Claude McKay. McKays poem originally appeared in the collection Harlem Shadows (1922). Heather Glover composed her essay in April 2005 for a course in rhetoric at Armstrong Atlantic State University in Savannah, Georgia. For definitions and additional examples of the rhetorical terms mentioned in this essay, follow the links to our Glossary of Grammatical Rhetorical Terms. Africas Loss of Grace by Heather L. Glover Africa1 The sun sought thy dim bed and brought forth light,2 The sciences were sucklings at thy breast;3 When all the world was young in pregnant night4 Thy slaves toiled at thy monumental best.5 Thou ancient treasure-land, thou modern prize,6 New peoples marvel at thy pyramids!7 The years roll on, thy sphinx of riddle eyes8 Watches the mad world with immobile lids.9 The Hebrews humbled them at Pharaohs name.10 Cradle of Power! Yet all things were in vain!11 Honor and Glory, Arrogance and Fame!12 They went. The darkness swallowed thee again.13 Thou art the harlot, now thy time is done,14 Of all the mighty nations of the sun. Keeping with Shakespearean literary tradition, Claude McKay’s â€Å"Africa† is an English sonnet relating the short but tragic life of a fallen heroine. The poem opens with a lengthy sentence of paratactically arranged clauses, the first of which states, â€Å"The sun sought thy dim bed and brought forth light† (line 1). Referencing scientific and historical discourses on humanity’s African origins, the line alludes to Genesis, in which God brings forth light with one command. The adjective dim demonstrates Africa’s unlighted knowledge prior to God’s intervention and also connotes the dark complexions of Africa’s descendants, unspoken figures whose plight is a recurrent subject in McKay’s work. The next line, â€Å"The sciences were sucklings at thy breasts,† establishes the poem’s female personification of Africa and lends further support to the cradle of civilization metaphor introduced in the first line. Mother Africa, a nurturer, raises and encourages the â€Å"sciences,† actions that foreshadow another brightening of the world to come in the Enlightenment. Lines 3 and 4 also evoke a maternal image with the word pregnant, but return to an indirect expression of the African and African-American experience: â€Å"When all the world was young in pregnant night / Thy slaves toiled at thy monumental best.† A subtle nod to the difference between African servitude and American slavery, the lines complete an encomium of Africa’s success before the advent of â€Å"new peoples† (6). While McKay’s next quatrain does not take the drastic turn reserved for the final couplet in Shakespearean sonnets, it clearly indicates a shift in the poem. The lines transform Africa from enterprise’s champion to its object, thereby placing the Mother of Civilization into an antithetically lower position. Opening with an isocolon that stresses Africa’s changing positionâ€Å"Thou ancient treasure-land, thou modern prize†the quatrain continues to demote Africa, placing agency in the hands of â€Å"new peoples† who â€Å"marvel at thy pyramids† (5-6). As the cliched expression of rolling time suggests the permanency of Africa’s new condition, the quatrain concludes, â€Å"thy sphinx of riddle eyes / Watches the mad world with immobile lids† (7-8). The sphinx, a mythical creature often used in caricatures of Egyptian Africa, kills anyone who fails to answer its difficult riddles. The image of a physically and intellectually challenging monster risks undermining the gradual degradation of Africa that is the poem’s theme. But, if unpacked, McKay’s words reveal his sphinx’s lack of power. In a demonstration of anthimeria, the word riddle acts not as a noun or verb, but as an adjective that invokes the sense of perplexity usually associated with riddles or to riddle. The sphinx, then, does not invent a riddle; a riddle makes a confused sphinx. The â€Å"immobile lids† of the dazed sphinx frame eyes that do not detect the mission of the â€Å"new people; the eyes do not move back and forth to keep the strangers in constant sight. Blinded by the activity of the â€Å"mad world,† a world both busy and crazed with expansion, the sphinx, Africa’s representative, fails to see its imminent destru ction. The third quatrain, like the first, begins by retelling a moment of Biblical history: â€Å"The Hebrews humbled them at Pharaoh’s name† (9). These â€Å"humbled people† differ from the slaves mentioned in line 4, proud slaves that â€Å"toiled at thy monumental best† to construct an African heritage. Africa, now without the spirit of her youth, succumbs to a lowly existence. After a tricolonic list of attributes linked with conjunctions to convey the magnitude of her former excellenceâ€Å"Cradle of Power! [†¦] / Honor and Glory, Arrogance and Fame!†Africa is undone with one short, plain phrase: â€Å"They went† (10-12). Lacking the elaborate style and obvious devices contained throughout the poem, â€Å"They went† powerfully understates Africa’s demise. Following the pronouncement is another declarationâ€Å"The darkness swallowed thee again†that connotes discrimination of Africans based upon their skin color and th e failure of their â€Å"dark† souls to reflect the light offered by the Christian God in line 1. In a final blow to Africa’s once shining image, the couplet offers a scathing description of her present state: â€Å"Thou art a harlot, now thy time is done, / Of all the mighty nations of the sun† (13-14). Africa thus seems to fall on the wrong side of the virgin mother/tainted whore dichotomy, and the personification formerly used to sing her praises now condemns her. Her reputation, however, is saved by the couplet’s inverted syntax. If the lines read â€Å"Of all the mighty nations of the sun, / Thou art the harlot, now thy time is done,† Africa would be rendered a wayward woman worthy of scorn because of her licentiousness. Instead, the lines state, â€Å"Thou art the harlot, [†¦] / Of all the mighty nations of the sun.† The couplet suggests that Europe and America, nations enjoying the Son and the â€Å"sun† because they are predominantly Christian and scientifically advanced, pimped Africa in their quests to own her. In a clever positioning of words, then, McKay’s Africa does not fall from grace; grace is snatched from Africa. Work Cited McKay, Claude. Africa.† Harlem Shadows: The Poems of Claude McKay. Harcourt, Brace and Company, 1922. 35.

International Students Care Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

International Students Care - Assignment Example The people I interviewed were involved with marketing responsibilities primarily in publicly traded corporations and small businesses, chosen because of their expertise in the field and professionalism. The following is a summary of what I learned from the questions in the interviews with the three subjects: Person#1 - Lindsey (Marketing Department – GEICO Insurance): Marketing is a busy job and the markets are always changing. Marketing is a field of possible under-employment for a M.B.A. graduate, though may lead to company career progress. Marketing is people and image oriented, requiring a professional demeanor and conduct. There is a vast difference in the quality of marketing jobs from company to company. Person #2 - Keith (Accounting – Lee’s Golf Superstores) You have to love math and numbers to enjoy accounting because lots of people find it a boring job. There is lots of work in the accounting department in any company, so search for the company that ref lects a wider personal interest. The accounting department may lead to direct management or training in some instances such as small business. Accounting is heavily related to IT (Information Technology) in modern business. Person #3 - Holly (Hospitality – Best Western Hotels): Social people seek success in this career realm because being social is a needed aspect of personality for most people. Working in groups is much easier in the business world than in university. You learn in the business world more than what you learn in university. Technology has made marketing easier, more inexpensive, and faster to reach its market audience. Challenging preconceptions in the marketing field is what keeps you moving forward in your career I chose these three people for the interview because of my interest in working in similar fields, as well as because of their expertise displayed in the career. I also had the advantage of knowing these people personally, and wanted to use my connec tion with them to explore the ideas of networking and gain more understanding of practical business management issues. Interview #1 - Marketing My interview subject in Marketing was Lindsey, who works in the GEICO Insurance Company as an advertising representative. Her job duties primarily incorporate the management of local advertising campaigns with national or corporate plans and material. She maintains networking contacts with over 100 different publications, advertisers, direct-mail printers, and other groups. She does not have responsibility for the GEICO website, as it is a national job. However, she does have to work intensively to manage central corporate policies and strategies related to marketing in the local environment. To do that, she values personal skills and positive thinking in business contacts and activities. Nevertheless, she feels underemployed in this position with an M.B.A. and would like to move up to more senior level management positions in the company. G EICO is owned primarily by Warren Buffett’s Berkshire Hathaway Group, making this potentially one of the better companies in America to work for in terms of salary and benefits. Lindsey said, â€Å"

Facebook Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1

Facebook - Essay Example The internet has a variety of different social networking websites such as MySpace, Netlog, Hi5, Yahoo and Facebook. This essay will examine and scrutinize Facebook and its varied features. It will begin with Facebook as a business and determining its industry from different aspects. Second, it will move to some information about Facebook, as well as details, such as Facebook background and some other facts. Third, this paper will go through a rundown of different business theories and strategies that Facebook uses like SWOT and PEST analysis, for instance. Fourth, this piece will take a look at Facebook data via explaining market share and financial issues. Fifth, we’ll be defining the different application of theories and strategies to data being used by the Facebook management. Ant then finally, this document will conclude with  looking at Facebook as a new business field, and how technology has been an effective aspect in that field, and not to forget, going through priv acy and risk management in this organization.   According to Techterms (2011), Facebook is a web site and a social network service, which means that it is an online service and platform that mirrors and builds social relations among people, for example, sharing interests and common activities. In February 2004 Facebook was launched, and it was operated privately and owned by Facebook. The name was acquired through papers that were given to new students and staff. By July 2011, Facebook had reached more than 800 million users. An American 23, Mark Zuckerberg born in 14th of May 1984 founded Facebook by following and associating computers, with fellow students Chris Hughes, Eduardo Saverin and Dustin Moskovitz, all of whom were his roommates. Zuckerberg is an Internet entrepreneur and computer programmer. A number of social networking websites were already developed by Mark Zuckerberg while he was still studying Psychology at Harvard University. The idea of

Those Who Came and Followed Him Essay Example for Free

Those Who Came and Followed Him Essay The Gospel according to John draws a distinction to the destinies of Simon Peter and John the Apostle whom Jesus loves. In resemblance to his teacher who is in the person of Jesus Christ, Simon Peter’s life is a testament that the ultimate expression of love is the sacrifice of one’s own life for the benefit of the one he loves. As for the Apostle whom Jesus loves, John devoted his long life in proclamation of the love of the Heavenly Father through His only Begotten Son. Be that as it may, both disciples served as instruments in spreading the Good News as they lived in faithful accordance to the will of the Father. As recorded history would have it, it is for certain that Simon Peter worked in Rome at the latter his of his earthly life. It was there where he suffered and died as a martyr for being a believer of Jesus Christ (Niswonger, 1992). The death of Simon Peter establishes the historical basis of the Bishops of Rome’s assertion to his apostolic leadership. It was because of his bluntness that he unavoidably found himself in serious disagreement with Jewish powers that be. He had been placed under arrest twice as ordered by the high priests. It has been said that by some miracle he had been unchained from prison and surprised his fellow disciples by unexpectedly arriving on the scene before them. He then spread the Good News in Lydda and Joppa (Ruffin, 1998). In Caesarea, he came to know Cornelius and eventually convinced a Gentile to embrace the Catholic faith (Ruffin, 1998). Having recognized that the Gentiles’ maximum support is crucial for the sect, he facilitated in forming the early guiding principle towards them. As a result of such distinction he was elected Bishop of the See of Antioch (Ruffin, 1998). The idea that Paul was martyred at the time of Nero’s rule is firmly established on the writings of Tertullian, Clement of Alexandria as well as St. Irenaeus (Ruffin, 1998). The epistles he wrote are for those people from Asia Minor who chose to be converted and embraced Christianity. The First Epistle is full of concerns regarding shared kindness, charity, and meekness. Generally, it communicates the Christian duties expected to be practiced at all times. Towards the end, he offers good wishes from the church at Babylon. This is acknowledged as another proof that Paul wrote the letter in Rome, which was then referred to as Babylon (Ruffin, 1998). The Second Epistle cautions against wrong beliefs, tells about the Second Coming of Jesus Christ, and concludes with a brilliant doxology as it states that the faithful must grow in the love of God for He alone deserves the glory now and forever. The Apostle whom Jesus loves is regarded as the writer of one of the Gospels, the Book of Revelation as well as the Epistles (Ruffin, 1998). It is believed that he spent some time in Patmos though the exact length of his stay has not been recorded. Emperor Domitian of Rome believed that he had been able to silence the affectionate elder (Ruffin, 1998). However, the Emperor’s efforts cannot hinder the plan of the Heavenly Father to allow John to write a book which would form an integral part of the sacred scripture. The book of Revelation conveys the supreme victory over the power of evil by Jesus Christ as God the Savior (Life Application Study Bible NIV, 2005). When all else fails, it is a wonderful encouragement to be know that great things will come to put an end to the sorrows of life on earth. The assurance that in the end, God will reign supreme provides the utmost relief to the soul. The Revelation best concludes the sacred scripture as it imparts the promise of life eternal for those who believe. Old age did not allow John to conduct ministries as he used to. Instead, he sought the help of his brethren to transport him to places where he could spread the Good News (Ruffin, 1998). He has always said that children must love their brothers and sisters (Ruffin, 1998). It was the message he usually imparted. In this light, it forms the greatest expression of his Christian mission. By spreading the word of God, he allowed himself to be filled with the love of his Master, Jesus Christ and taught the faithful the way to salvation.

Videogames Don?t Kill People, People Kill People Essay -- essays resea

Videogames Don’t Kill People, People Kill People Every generation has pointed a finger at the recreational pastimes of young persons, accusing that these activities lead our nations youth astray and induce violent or antisocial behavior. Novels, music, TV, movies, and now the finger is pointing straight at one of the newest and quickest growing youth pastimes; videogames. This particular pastime differs from others in their reality and scope for direct participation, therefore allowing the crusty old curmudgeons to conclude that playing them leads all young people to commit acts of violence.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Numerous studies have been conducted to determine whether or not there is a direct link between violent tendencies and videogames. Some tests claim there is a definite link, others refute it, but both often show very shaky statistics. Most tests simply prove inconclusive. According to an article by Anne D. Walling, a recent study by Drs Bensley and Van Eenwyk shows that: Rates of adolescent violence, homicide, weapon carrying, and other markers of antisocial behavior fell consistently during the period when violent videogames became ubiquitous, more graphic, and more realistic. (1) This would suggest that youths are using videogames as a form of escape. Instead of being out on the streets committing acts of delinquency, they are instead at home, safely playing videogames.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Walling also provides the combined results from twenty-nine other individual studies of this topic. The studies all varied greatly in design and quality, preventing any firm determination from being reached. Children of middle school age and younger showed no association between videogames and aggression in girls, and both increases and decreases in aggression among boys. Studies of high school students predominately dealt with boys, often using self-report. Both calming and arousing effects were again reported, and no consistent relationship was drawn between violent games and actual behavior. In college students and young adults, results were yet again mixed, but calming effects were more common, particularly if the prior mood was hostile or aggressive (2).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  So-called experts like to point their fingers at Eric Harris as an example that violent videogames do indeed create violent children. Harris was one of the t... ...n that there seems to be no direct link to violent behavior and playing violent videogames. Studies even show that adolescent crime has decreased as videogames have become more realistic and graphic, showing that they seem to have a more calming effect on kids. As long as people can continue to differentiate between what’s real and what’s not, we should be just fine. However, as long as there are crusty old curmudgeons out there who are afraid of things they don’t understand, then videogames will always be under heavy fire. Works Cited Ahmed, Shahed. â€Å"Further Investigation of Violence and Gaming.† Gamespot. 6 August 2000. 8 April 2003 . â€Å"The Games Kids Play: Are Mature Video Games Too Violent for Teens?† Current Events 7 February 2003: 3. Grossman, Lev. â€Å"Busjacking for Grownups.† Time November 2002: 80-81. Satterfield, Shane. â€Å"IGDA Holds Game Violence Summit.† Gamespot. 8 January 2001. 8 April 2003. . Varanini, Giancarlo. â€Å"Violent Media May not be to Blame.† Gamespot. 8 February 2001. 8 April 2003. . â€Å"Violence is A-Ok.† Electronic Gaming Monthly August 2002: 13. Walling, Anne D. â€Å"Do Video Games Lead to Violent Behavior in Children?† American Family Physician 65 (2002): 1436-1437.

Ralph Waldo Emerson vs. Walt Whitman Essay

In their respective fields, both Walt Whitman and Ralph Waldo Emerson were considered to be quintessential American writers. Their thoughts and statements regarding nonconformity and individuality were revolutionizing for the era that they lived. Thanks to them,similar thoughts and statements, are now much more mainstream and unexceptional.Although they used different tactics to get their points across, their shared opinions become evident. Both Walt Whitman and Ralph Waldo Emerson believed strongly in originality and personal expression;although the different tactics that they used to get their message across were nothing short of contrasting.In Emerson’s case, he was vehemently opposed to a society that he saw to be oppressive and unimaginative. Emerson was convinced that all of modern human civilization was in collaboration to crush his uniqueness and subjugate him to a life of a faceless cog. â€Å"Society is in conspiracy against the manhood of everyone of its members.† (P. 153) Conversely, Whitman regarded the common man with much esteem and favoritism. In his epic poem, â€Å"Song of Myself† Whitman spoke of the working class with an unusual favoring and support of their ways and lifestyle. â€Å"The sun falls on the crisply hair and mustache, falls on the black of his polish’d and perfect limbs, and I behold the picturesque giant and love him.† (P.173) Whitman encouraged the reader to lead an original and unconfirmed life. He celebrated the common man and tells the reader to be happy with their life and social stature. These ideals might seem as if completely different, but the points that they try to get across, are exactly the same. They are both stating that one should turn its back on the complex structure that is society and rather live a simple (although by no means primitive or unoriginal) life, unconstrained by conforming and strict social customs or procedures. The tones of Emerson’s poem’s and Whitman’s essay, were quite contrasting. Emerson’s essay seemed almost cold and apocalyptic contrasted to Whitman’s comparatively beautiful and uplifting poem. In Self Reliance, Emerson speaks of society with disgust and suspicion. He sees it all as a cruel masquerade that binds hapless souls to its iron will. â€Å"Society never advances. It recedes as fast on one side as it gains on another.† (P.152) In â€Å"Song of  Myself†, Whitman speaks in flourishes and silky verse’s. â€Å"You sea! I resign myself to you also – I guess what you mean, I behold from the beach your crooked fingers.† (P.180) Emerson’s essay was very philosophical and open to personal interpretation (â€Å"A foolish consistency is the hobgoblin of little minds† P. 144), while Whitman’s poem was more detailed and vividly sensual (â€Å"The beards of the young men glisten’d with wet, it ran from their long hair†, P. 173). Also notable, is the fact that Whitman spoke to the reader about what he perceives and his personal opinions. (â€Å"I guess it must be the flag of my disposition.† P. 170),while Emerson spoke more about facts that he knew to be true, leaving it up the reader to agree or not. â€Å"Another sort of false prayers are our regrets.† (P. 150) From this, it is obvious to see that their writing styles and personal tactics differed greatly when it came to persuading someone of a particular cause.Emerson and Whitman both strived for more originality in society. Whitman was dedicated to creating an authentic American conciseness through his writing, one that was not made up of cast off European procedures. Emerson was committed to freeing the minds and let loose the originality, which he saw society holding back. â€Å"Society is a joint stock company, in which the members agree, for the better securing of his bread to each shareholder, to surrender the liberty and culture of the eater. (P.140) It is evident to see that both Walt Whitman and Ralph Waldo Emersonstrongly felt the need to free, warn, or otherwise inform society of their findings and opinions. Thanks to this sense of obligation and perspective liberty, we all now get to enjoy many other informative do-gooders like them, eager to advise and enlighten us in all aspects of life. Ironically, in their attempts to free us of the torture that is society, they have unleashed a quintessential component that makes their fear and opposition to this civilization too accurate indeed.That would be telemarketing.

Instilling Safety Awareness in Children

Name : Lim Xiao Pei Class : 4S1 IC No. : 971022-08-5976 Topic : Instilling Safety Awareness In Children Theme : Social Issues Children are innocent. They don’t have a clear idea of what a bad person might look like. They probably think someone with a moustache and ugly or evil facial expression is a bad person. The children do not think that women and kind-looking elderly men may be the bad person. The best people to teach children about personal safety are their parents.In view of the mounting number of crimes involving young children,parents must think about how they can protect their children from the danger that lurk around them. First of all,children need to know about their neighbours and living area. Parents should tell their children where they can visit when parents are not around. It will be great if boundaries are set outlining the areas that they can go to. If your children are invited by friends and neighbours to areas beyond the set boundaries,tell them that they should first check with you before venturing out.Then,remind your child to look out for the strangers hanging around frequently. Teach them to be aware of people who go round chatting up little kids or strangers cruising the neighbourhood. Parents must make sure that their children are aware of safety measures to take with regards to strangers,before allowing them to venture out on their own. Children should be told that if they feel uncomfortable when a stranger approaches them,they should run away without any hesitation. They should also be taught to say â€Å"No† and to shout for help when necessary.Parents should also be cautious in allowing their children to go out by themselves to meet friends at public places. Though it may be tiresome,parents should accompany their children if they need to wait for their friends. If possible,parents can pick up their friends and send them to their destination too. Furthermore,parents must always be sure where their children at all ti mes. They should make sure that their children do not accept any gifts or invitations from any strangers. Besides,parents must realize that potential dangers involving child abuse and sexual assault lurk in places where children spend most of their time.Thus,parents should teach their children the ways to protect themselves. If possible,parents can send their children to learn martial arts too. Parents must be approachable to their children. When a child confesses to wrongdoing,find out the facts of the case before punishing them. Do not forget to give them a chance to explain and see how you can help them to solve the problem. If parents are unapproachable to children,they will bias to strangers who treat them very nice. The time has came for the community to work together to prevent crimes in our neighbourhood.Creating a safe neighbourhood is everyone’s responsibility. When we help to keep all the children safe,we are protecting our own family too. *This is very important a s children are still young and cannot detect the approaching of danger. For example,the six-year-old child,William Yau Zhen Zhong was left with his siblings,Eric and Cindy in his parents’ car as they went to a shop. He apparently got out of the car to look for his parents when Cindy started crying. He was reported missing after that. Nine days later,his body was found in a river.

Admissions to UCSC Finance Program essays

Admissions to UCSC Finance Program essays Moving from Indonesia to the United States was harder than it seemed. What I assumed would be a smooth transition turned out to involve a considerable amount of culture shock, even though I enrolled at UCSC, a multicultural campus with an Indonesian social club. I left Indonesia after the rioting and political turmoil there in 2000 when the Asian economic crisis was taking its toll on my life and the lives of all my friends and family members. Shifting colleges and moving to a new location seemed a good way to gain a greater perspective on the world as well as on my own life. With ambitions to become a personal or corporate financial analyst, I also knew that the United States university system would offer me far more flexibility and options. My grades do not reflect my abilities in my chosen field because of the difficulties I have had adapting to a new culture but the road has become smoother and I find little holding me back from excelling in graduate school. In graduate school, I will have the opportunities to develop core strengths in financial analysis, meet new people and mentors, and expand my social network with the ultimate goal of becoming a self-employed or enterprise-level financial analyst. Governmental and corporate finance prove interesting to me and I feel I can contribute to clients of both types. In fact, I have recently entertained the idea of helping small businesses grow. Small businesses have always been the heart of America. Being in America has opened my eyes to how many large corporations started off as small ventures. With the expertise of financial analysis, many businesses could prosper even sooner than they would otherwise or reach higher levels of market penetration than they might have without the foresight a good financial analyst can provide. If my mentors in the Master's program feel I am well-suited for a career helping small businesses thrive, then I believe I will attempt to focus on that as an ...

How to Contact the Prime Minister of Canada by Email

How to Contact the Prime Minister of Canada by Email According to the Office of the Prime Minister: The Prime Minister greatly values the thoughts and suggestions of Canadians. Canadians may submit a letter or query online, send email, send a letter via post, fax or call the Office of the Prime Minister. Email pmpm.gc.ca Mailing Address Office of the Prime Minister80 Wellington StreetOttawa, ON K1A 0A2 Phone Number (613) 992-4211 Fax Number (613) 941-6900 Request for Birthday or Anniversary Greetings A Canadian may make a request online for a birthday, wedding anniversary or union greeting  from the prime minister, also this can be done via post or fax. The prime minister sends congratulatory certificates to Canadians celebrating significant birthdays, such as 65th birthdays and up, at 5-year intervals, as well as 100th birthdays and up. The Prime Minister sends congratulatory certificates to Canadians celebrating significant wedding anniversaries or anniversary of life together unions for 25th anniversaries and up, at 5-year intervals. Gifts for the Prime Minister and Family Many Canadians choose to offer gifts to the prime minister and family. The Office of the Prime Minister considers these as kind and generous gestures. Security regulations and the Federal Accountability Act passed in 2006 prevent and preclude the prime minister and family from accepting many gifts. All monetary gifts and gift certificates will be returned to the sender. Some items, such as perishable goods, cannot be accepted for security reasons.

Dealing with the task of payment of sport in high school Essay

Dealing with the task of payment of sport in high school - Essay Example The reduction of charges, on the current programs, will promote participation of more students in sporting activities. The lower the costs, the more enticing the programs will seem to the students. Relationships and interaction among students, at both school and the community level, will improve because of nondiscriminatory participation in common games (Woods 126). As such, use of communal and school sporting facilities will increase. This will translate to fit and energetic youths and a reduction of the lifestyle diseases. This presents an advantage of reduction of charges (Woods 29). Adversely, a reduction of charges on sports will lead to poor services. Proper and effective maintenance of the sporting facilities may suffer due to the little charged. This will lead to the facilities occurring in run-down conditions. Further, the poor payment to sporting staff and instructors may promote the exodus of this experienced staff to seek well-paying jobs. Districts may raise taxes to bridge the budget deficits arising from reduced charges in a sport. This presents a burden to the taxpayer (Woods 127).In the elimination of some sporting programs, the reflection of the main advantage occurs in the reduction of staff and expensive facilities (Woods 129). The need for large outdoor space, as is the case with sports like football, represents a headache due to limited space. Such games requiring large spaces may give way to games requiring smaller spaces. This further promotes specialization in a sport by the participants.

Crime Prevention and Private Policing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Crime Prevention and Private Policing - Essay Example This therefore means that private police are to create any preventive means so as not to distract the legitimate flow of the business, which in most cases the distraction of the flow will be due to the presence of crime. In the presence of more focus private police on protecting assets and property, there is a guarantee to establish a normal flow or condition of the business. Furthermore, with the inclusion of private policing in a private organization, the implementation of justice within this bound is straightforward such as firing an anomalous employee who committed crime against the prevailing policies or established law of the company. However, private policing creates an image for the criminal justice system as for-profit venture. Furthermore, as a nongovernmental action, it is not bound by the same legal requirements as public policing. These concerns are discussed in this paper. Introduction Traditional policing has long been a controversy regarding its ability to decrease th e level of crime rate. It is for this reason that adding more number of police on duty has become a significant decision as it is integrated with the idea that doing so will help reduce the crime rate. However, as far as the underlying truth about it is concerned, there are many research studies that try to investigate whether adding more police officers on duty will help alleviate or discourage the presence of crime. The available literature revealed that there is no significant evidence to support the assumption or claim that if there is addition of number of police personnel on duty, crime rate will decrease (Worrall, 2008). However, even if there is no associated truth behind the above traditional claim regarding policing, people are still able to rely on private policing to ensure safety, protection and to ward off any incident linked to the formulation of crime (Plant & Scott, 2009). This for instance is common to happen in private companies trying to maximize its level of con trol for the safety of their operations. It is for this reason that the work at hand tries to investigate the relevant advantages and disadvantages of private policing. Advantages of Private Policing One significant advantage of private policing is the inclusion of the level of focus that private police place in their actual responsibility. The level of focus is important because it may signify the intensity of control that private police may employ in the actual control or prevention of the crime. It is therefore highly observed that private policing personnel focus on loss control and prevention at a great level (Worrall, 2008; Byrne & Marx, 2011). They have no other concern but to focus on asset and property protection. For this reason, there are many private establishments that try to employ private policing for this concern as it is highly advantageous on their part considering the point that the level of focus placed in control and prevention of crime is involved. This promote s the idea that as far as mass private property is concerned, private sector for policing may well performed compared to the public sector in policing based on the level of focus they can give in actual prevention and control.  

Following WWII Japan again was put into a fundamental Reform and Research Paper

Following WWII Japan again was put into a fundamental Reform and Renovation mode - Research Paper Example The new Japanese government would be more similar to its occupying counterpart. Major reform of land ownership was instituted. About 6 million acres (almost 40% of Japans arable land) were purchased from the landlords and resold at low prices to the farmers. It dismantled a power structure that landlords had long dominated. This was one way of permanently changing economic disparities between classes. Despite instances of mass rape and the re-institutionalization of the Japanese Geisha system, women enjoyed relatively increased civil rights. They earned the right to vote and engage in roles that were traditionally male dominated. Furthermore, favoring Japanese beliefs and gradual modification and dissolution of the Japan-United States Mutual Security Assistance Pact, the Clean Government Party attracted many women. During Post-World War II, the victors implemented changes in the Japanese constitution, Japanese land, and Japanese women. The occupation and MacArthur Reforms profoundly changed public policy in many areas. These changes aimed at the roots of traditional Japanese power, and Japan had changed at a fundamental

Dynamic Communication Strategies

Dynamic Communication Strategies COMMUNICATION STRATEGIES The word communication comes from a Latin word for commonness, including the prefix com- which suggests togetherness, joining, cooperation and mutually. Therefore, communication is definable as a mutual exchange between two or more individuals which enhances cooperation and establishes commonality. Communication is also seen as dynamic, not static and depending on the negotiation of meaning between two or more persons who share some knowledge of the language being used. Communication can be understood as the passing of information in humans, animals, computers, or any other cognitive entity. In a broader sense communication can refer to almost any type of movement, be it matter, energy, force or some effect. Space and time might be the only things that cant themselves be communicated. Human communication refers to the social interaction of giving and receiving information for the purpose of not only understanding, but also facilitating social connection. (Wikipedia, 2006) Communication strategies (CS), widely-studied in the fields of linguistics and second language acquisition, have been defined in various ways, but most definitions are based on the concept of problematicity (Kasper Kellerman, 1997, p. 2) For example, according to Tarone (1977), CS are à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦used by an individual to overcome the crisis which occurs when language structures are inadequate to convey the individuals thought (p. 195). Fà ¦rch and Kasper (1983) defined CS as à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦potentially conscious plans for solving what to an individual presents as a problem in reaching a particular communicative goal (p. 36). This concept of problematicity leads to problem-solving strategies that a speaker uses when lacking morphological, lexical, or syntactic knowledge. Communication strategies pertain to the employment of verbal or nonverbal mechanisms for the productive communication of information. It is also seen as an adaptation to the failure to realize a language production. They serve the purpose of negotiating meaning when either the linguistic structure or sociolinguistic rules are not shared between individuals or, in more straightforward terms, when the communicative act is on the point of breaking down. AVOIDANCE STRATEGIES Avoidance is a common communication strategy that can be broken down into several subcategories. The most common strategy is syntactic or lexical avoidance within a semantic category. Below is one of the examples of avoidance made by a learner. For example: L: I lost my road NS : You lost your road? L: Uh,à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦I lost. I lost. I got lost. On the other hands, phonological avoidance is when the learner using other alternative of pronouncing a word (because of its phonological difficulty). For example, instead of using the word rally, the learner opted to say hit the ball In avoidance strategies, learners basically will create message abandonment. Message abandonment is leaving a message unfinished because of language difficulties. A more direct type of avoidance is topic avoidance. In this case, a whole of conversation might be avoided entirely that pose language difficulties. Learners will find alternatives in avoiding the conversation by changing the subject, pretending not to understand, simply not responding at all or noticeably abandoning a message when a thought becomes to express. COMPENSATION STRATEGIES Another common set of communication devices involves compensation for missing knowledge. There are eleven types in this strategy. The first is prefabricated patterns, where learners of beginning-level memorize certain stock phrases or sentences without internalized knowledge of their components. Examples for these memorized chunks of language are How much does this cost?, Where is the toilet?, I dont understand you. Such phrases are memorized by rote to fit their appropriate context or situation. The second type is code switching. Code switching is the use of a first or third language within a stream of speech in the second language. It occurs between two advanced learners with a common first language. This strategy may also include adding word endings from the new language onto words from the mother tongue. Examples of code switching are: switching to the mother tongue: Spanish/English: Have aqua please, Bahasa Malaysian/English: Suami saya dulu slim and trim tapi sekarang plump like drum (Before my husband was slim and trim but now he is plump like a drum) The third common compensatory strategy is a direct appeal for help. If the learners may stuck for a particular word or phrase, asking for aid from the interlocutor either directly ( eg what do ypu call?) or indirectly ( eg rising intonation, pause, eye contact, puzzled expression) . Within this category are those instances where the learner might appeal to a bilingual dictionary for help. The fourth type is circumlocution or synonym. Circumlocution is a figure of speech where the meaning of a word or phrase is indirectly expressed through several or many words. For example: scissors = a thing you use to cut other things, corkscrew = The thing you open bottles with. Circumlocution is often helpful while learning a new language, when one does not know the word for a particular thing. The fifth type is adjusting or approximating the message. Approximation is when the learning using an alternative term which expresses the meaning of the target lexical item as closely as possible. Altering the message by omitting some items of information, making ideas simpler or less precise, or saying something slightly different that means almost the same thing such as saying pencil for pen The sixth type is using of all-purpose words.learners extending a general, empty lexical item to contexts where specific words are lacking (e.g. the overuse of thing stuff, what-do-you-call -it, thingie ..) The seventh type is word coinage. Learners basically will make up new words to communicate the desired idea such as paper holder for notebook and vegetarianist for vegetarian. The eighth type is using non linguistic signals such as using physical motion, mime or gesture, in place of an expression to indicate the meaning Language based clues may come from the target language that the learner already knows, from the learners own language or from another language. For instance, if the learner does not know the expression association sans but lucratif (nonprofit association, in French), previous knowledge of certain words in English (association, lucrative) and French (sans= without) would give clues to the meaning of the unknown word, but (aim, goal), and of the whole expression. The ninth type is literal translation. Learners translate literally a lexical item, idiom, compound word, or structure from L1 to L2. The next type is foreignizing where the learner using a L1 word by adjusting it to L2 phonology (with a L2 pronunciation) and or morphology (adding to it a L2 suffix) The last type is stalling or time gaining strategies using fillers or hesitation devices to fill pauses and to gain time to think ( e.g. well, now lets see, uh, as a matter of fact.) Compensatory strategies enable learners to use the new language for either comprehension or production despite limitations in knowledge. It also intended to make up for an inadequate repertoire of grammar and especially of vocabulary. Eleven compensation strategies exist, clustered into two sets: guessing intelligently in listening and reading and overcoming limitations in speaking and writing. Guessing strategies, sometimes called inferencing, involve using a wide variety of clues linguistic and non-linguistic to guess the meaning when the learner does not know all the words Good language learners when confronted with the unknown expressions, make educated guesses. On the other hand, less adept language learners often panic, tune out, or grab the dog-eared dictionary and try to look up every unfamiliar word. Compensation Strategies allows learners to produce spoken or written expression in the new language without complete knowledge. It is true that certain compensation strategies like using mime or gestures are used in speaking. However, other Compensation Strategies adjusting or approximating the message, coining words, using a circumlocution or synonym, or selecting the topic can be used in informal writing as well as in speaking Many Compensation Strategies for production are used to compensate for a lack of appropriate vocabulary, but these strategies can also be used to make up for a lack of grammatical knowledge Compensation Strategies help learners to keep on using the language, thus obtaining more practice. In addition, some of these strategies such as adjusting or approximating the message help learners become more fluent in what they already know. Getting help and coining words lead learners to gain new information about what is appropriate or permissible in the target language.