Following WWII Japan again was put into a fundamental Reform and Research Paper

Following WWII Japan again was put into a fundamental Reform and Renovation mode - Research Paper Example The new Japanese government would be more similar to its occupying counterpart. Major reform of land ownership was instituted. About 6 million acres (almost 40% of Japans arable land) were purchased from the landlords and resold at low prices to the farmers. It dismantled a power structure that landlords had long dominated. This was one way of permanently changing economic disparities between classes. Despite instances of mass rape and the re-institutionalization of the Japanese Geisha system, women enjoyed relatively increased civil rights. They earned the right to vote and engage in roles that were traditionally male dominated. Furthermore, favoring Japanese beliefs and gradual modification and dissolution of the Japan-United States Mutual Security Assistance Pact, the Clean Government Party attracted many women. During Post-World War II, the victors implemented changes in the Japanese constitution, Japanese land, and Japanese women. The occupation and MacArthur Reforms profoundly changed public policy in many areas. These changes aimed at the roots of traditional Japanese power, and Japan had changed at a fundamental

Dynamic Communication Strategies

Dynamic Communication Strategies COMMUNICATION STRATEGIES The word communication comes from a Latin word for commonness, including the prefix com- which suggests togetherness, joining, cooperation and mutually. Therefore, communication is definable as a mutual exchange between two or more individuals which enhances cooperation and establishes commonality. Communication is also seen as dynamic, not static and depending on the negotiation of meaning between two or more persons who share some knowledge of the language being used. Communication can be understood as the passing of information in humans, animals, computers, or any other cognitive entity. In a broader sense communication can refer to almost any type of movement, be it matter, energy, force or some effect. Space and time might be the only things that cant themselves be communicated. Human communication refers to the social interaction of giving and receiving information for the purpose of not only understanding, but also facilitating social connection. (Wikipedia, 2006) Communication strategies (CS), widely-studied in the fields of linguistics and second language acquisition, have been defined in various ways, but most definitions are based on the concept of problematicity (Kasper Kellerman, 1997, p. 2) For example, according to Tarone (1977), CS are à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦used by an individual to overcome the crisis which occurs when language structures are inadequate to convey the individuals thought (p. 195). Fà ¦rch and Kasper (1983) defined CS as à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦potentially conscious plans for solving what to an individual presents as a problem in reaching a particular communicative goal (p. 36). This concept of problematicity leads to problem-solving strategies that a speaker uses when lacking morphological, lexical, or syntactic knowledge. Communication strategies pertain to the employment of verbal or nonverbal mechanisms for the productive communication of information. It is also seen as an adaptation to the failure to realize a language production. They serve the purpose of negotiating meaning when either the linguistic structure or sociolinguistic rules are not shared between individuals or, in more straightforward terms, when the communicative act is on the point of breaking down. AVOIDANCE STRATEGIES Avoidance is a common communication strategy that can be broken down into several subcategories. The most common strategy is syntactic or lexical avoidance within a semantic category. Below is one of the examples of avoidance made by a learner. For example: L: I lost my road NS : You lost your road? L: Uh,à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦I lost. I lost. I got lost. On the other hands, phonological avoidance is when the learner using other alternative of pronouncing a word (because of its phonological difficulty). For example, instead of using the word rally, the learner opted to say hit the ball In avoidance strategies, learners basically will create message abandonment. Message abandonment is leaving a message unfinished because of language difficulties. A more direct type of avoidance is topic avoidance. In this case, a whole of conversation might be avoided entirely that pose language difficulties. Learners will find alternatives in avoiding the conversation by changing the subject, pretending not to understand, simply not responding at all or noticeably abandoning a message when a thought becomes to express. COMPENSATION STRATEGIES Another common set of communication devices involves compensation for missing knowledge. There are eleven types in this strategy. The first is prefabricated patterns, where learners of beginning-level memorize certain stock phrases or sentences without internalized knowledge of their components. Examples for these memorized chunks of language are How much does this cost?, Where is the toilet?, I dont understand you. Such phrases are memorized by rote to fit their appropriate context or situation. The second type is code switching. Code switching is the use of a first or third language within a stream of speech in the second language. It occurs between two advanced learners with a common first language. This strategy may also include adding word endings from the new language onto words from the mother tongue. Examples of code switching are: switching to the mother tongue: Spanish/English: Have aqua please, Bahasa Malaysian/English: Suami saya dulu slim and trim tapi sekarang plump like drum (Before my husband was slim and trim but now he is plump like a drum) The third common compensatory strategy is a direct appeal for help. If the learners may stuck for a particular word or phrase, asking for aid from the interlocutor either directly ( eg what do ypu call?) or indirectly ( eg rising intonation, pause, eye contact, puzzled expression) . Within this category are those instances where the learner might appeal to a bilingual dictionary for help. The fourth type is circumlocution or synonym. Circumlocution is a figure of speech where the meaning of a word or phrase is indirectly expressed through several or many words. For example: scissors = a thing you use to cut other things, corkscrew = The thing you open bottles with. Circumlocution is often helpful while learning a new language, when one does not know the word for a particular thing. The fifth type is adjusting or approximating the message. Approximation is when the learning using an alternative term which expresses the meaning of the target lexical item as closely as possible. Altering the message by omitting some items of information, making ideas simpler or less precise, or saying something slightly different that means almost the same thing such as saying pencil for pen The sixth type is using of all-purpose words.learners extending a general, empty lexical item to contexts where specific words are lacking (e.g. the overuse of thing stuff, what-do-you-call -it, thingie ..) The seventh type is word coinage. Learners basically will make up new words to communicate the desired idea such as paper holder for notebook and vegetarianist for vegetarian. The eighth type is using non linguistic signals such as using physical motion, mime or gesture, in place of an expression to indicate the meaning Language based clues may come from the target language that the learner already knows, from the learners own language or from another language. For instance, if the learner does not know the expression association sans but lucratif (nonprofit association, in French), previous knowledge of certain words in English (association, lucrative) and French (sans= without) would give clues to the meaning of the unknown word, but (aim, goal), and of the whole expression. The ninth type is literal translation. Learners translate literally a lexical item, idiom, compound word, or structure from L1 to L2. The next type is foreignizing where the learner using a L1 word by adjusting it to L2 phonology (with a L2 pronunciation) and or morphology (adding to it a L2 suffix) The last type is stalling or time gaining strategies using fillers or hesitation devices to fill pauses and to gain time to think ( e.g. well, now lets see, uh, as a matter of fact.) Compensatory strategies enable learners to use the new language for either comprehension or production despite limitations in knowledge. It also intended to make up for an inadequate repertoire of grammar and especially of vocabulary. Eleven compensation strategies exist, clustered into two sets: guessing intelligently in listening and reading and overcoming limitations in speaking and writing. Guessing strategies, sometimes called inferencing, involve using a wide variety of clues linguistic and non-linguistic to guess the meaning when the learner does not know all the words Good language learners when confronted with the unknown expressions, make educated guesses. On the other hand, less adept language learners often panic, tune out, or grab the dog-eared dictionary and try to look up every unfamiliar word. Compensation Strategies allows learners to produce spoken or written expression in the new language without complete knowledge. It is true that certain compensation strategies like using mime or gestures are used in speaking. However, other Compensation Strategies adjusting or approximating the message, coining words, using a circumlocution or synonym, or selecting the topic can be used in informal writing as well as in speaking Many Compensation Strategies for production are used to compensate for a lack of appropriate vocabulary, but these strategies can also be used to make up for a lack of grammatical knowledge Compensation Strategies help learners to keep on using the language, thus obtaining more practice. In addition, some of these strategies such as adjusting or approximating the message help learners become more fluent in what they already know. Getting help and coining words lead learners to gain new information about what is appropriate or permissible in the target language.

Liberal, Conservative, and Socialist Ideals vs. Feminism before the 20th Century :: Sociology Sociological Women Paperes

Liberal, Conservative, and Socialist Ideals vs. Feminism before the 20th Century Tales from the beyond, story one: a parent binds his baby girl's feet in China, so it will not grow more than five to six inches because small feet in women are a sign of elegance; story two: a wife is burned alive in India, so she can accompany her husband in death. Are these stories? No, things like this really happened in the past. They are part of the reason that contributed to the birth of the Women's Movement in the 19th century. This movement was also known as the Feminist movement because its foundation came from feminism, an ideology that developed in the 19th century, and whose main goal was to gain equality for women. The goals of the Women's Movement in the 19th century where: to get the vote, to archive equality in property rights, access to education, access to jobs and fair pay, divorce, and children's custody. These ideals had been around for a while, but the 19th century was the perfect time for them to develop. During the 19th century, nations were going throu gh radical changes; countries were adopting new ways of life based mainly of one of three ideologies: liberalism, conservatism, and socialism. The development of one of these ideologies, and the success of feminism in a country went hand in hand, and it is by analyzing the similarities, and differences between feminism, and each of these ideologies that we can see why feminism was most successful in liberal countries. Moral, political, and social are the three cores of liberalism, and the ideas in each core have a very similar resemblance to the ideas the feminist movement was trying to promote in the 19th century. Liberals believe that individuals had the right to personal liberties, which included the freedom to think, talk, and worship. Feminist believe women had the right to think, to have an opinion different from that of their husband, or fathers. The faith in total freedom, and equality for the individual that liberals, and feminist shared came from their faith in education. Their theory was that if individuals were educated, then they could be trusted to make the right decisions, decisions which would then in return helped make a better society. Adam Smith, writer of "The Wealth of Nations" considered the bible of liberal economics, believed in that theory, he expressed that "each person,.

Automotive Essay

Q 1, How well is â€Å"Jones Electrical Distribution† performing? What must Jones do well to succeed? First Quarter 2004 2005 2006 2007 Sales increase 18% 17% ROE 7.6% 13.6% 12.3% 2.0% Sustainable growth rate 7.6% 13.6% 12.3% 2.0% Profit Margin 0.9% 1.5% 1.34% 0.8% Assets turnover 2.76 2.88 2.86 0.70 financial leverage 3.20 3.12 3.23 3.49 Shareholder’s equity 31% 32% 31% 29% From coverage ratio analysis we can see Jones electrical distribution’s business is stable business as a retailer. Sales increase 18% and 17% in 2006 and 2007 respectively, with estimation in 2007 will be 20.4%. Shareholder’s equity is around 30%. Jones sustainable growth rate: g*=RT*ROA, so compare with actual sales growth, we can make the conclusion Jones well managed its growth through year of 2004 to 2007. As Jones doing low margin business, so should avoid high financial leverage ratio as interest burden will be heavy. Q2, why does a business that has profit of $30,000 per year need a bank loan? 2004 2005 2006 First Quarter 2007 collection period 42.0 days 44.0 days 43.0 days 43.9 days payables period 10.1 days 10.0 days 24.1 days 37.4 days From above table we can find out Jones collection period increased step by step and this will need more cash support that, payables period exceed 10 days from 2006, this will lost 2% discount from suppliers. As Jones sales growth rate is high than sustainable rate, so its net earning could not support increased account receivable and inventory. Then the company need bank loan to finance the increase business. Q3, What drove the increase in Jones’s accounts receivable and inventory balances in 2005 and 2006? Sales growth drove the increase of accounts receivable and inventory balances in 2005 and 2006. Q4, Is Nelson Jones’s estimate that a $350,000 line of credit is sufficient for 2007 accurate? As Jones estimated growth rate in 2007 is 20% for sales, so account receivable and inventory will increase as a consequence. Total $129,000 is needed if collection period and inventory will not improve. As Jones accounts payable in first quarter exceed 37 days already, this will makes Jones loss 2% discount from suppliers, accumulated 24% against 7.5% interest rate. So this makes sense for Jones get loans build inventory within 10days payment. Total inventory change $129,000+$120.000=$249.000. So $350,000 line of credit is sufficient for 2007 even the bank set some limitations how to use the credit. Q5, When will Jones be able to repay the line of credit? As long term debt already $378,000 in first quarter of 2007, plus additional bank loan $350,000. So total credit will be $720,000 Net income for Jones is $30,000 and with stable growth rate, so Jones need around 25 years repay all the credit. Q6, What could Jones do to reduce the size of the line of credit he needs? Jones should manage closely reduce collection period and increase inventory turn over to reduce work capital.

Religious Experience Essay

Religious experience is seen as a non-empirical occurrence which means it does not depend or can be verified through observation or examination. Majority of people believe it’s supernatural. It is also seen as an experience to make a person aware. Certain religious people believe who have had the experience has drawn them into a deeper knowledge/ awareness of god. Most importantly it is seen as the experience itself is not a substitute for the divine but a vehicle that is used to bring people closer to the divine. It is also known as unique and cannot be shared with anyone. 3 Types of characteristics of religious experience * Vision * Conversion * Mystical experiences Visions: is when an individual believes they’ve seen or heard something supernatural. There are three ways in which an individual can experience this. An intellectual vision brings knowledge and understanding such as a revelation from the almighty god. An imaginary vision is where something that strengthens the faith is seen with the mind eye. Corporeal vision is where the figure is externally present. Examples of this is st Bernadette who was 14 years old, who had a few visions but the visions started off her seeing a figure which didn’t speak to her but then later on the figure begun to speak which was known as virgin Mary gave her a set of instructions saying that the spring water at Lourdes had healing power and that a chapel was to be built on the site. Numinosity : this word was given to describe the sense of a an awesome power, but feeling very distinctly separate from it. Rudolph otto used this so called term

Free Essays on I Love Lucy, Too

). Introduced topic clearly: This was one route that Lucille Ball could have taken, but instead she took the road with no dust; the road people rarely take (antithesis). She turned herself in to more than the sex symbol she started out as; she became the off the wall comedienne who won the hearts of Americans of all races, all social classes, and all cultures (repetition). Lucy is most celebrated for her role in the TV show â€Å"I Love Lucy† as the scatterbrained housewife who could turn everyday chores into unparalleled fiascoes with her comic energy, panache for slapstick, and gift for vocal parody. Lucy had two character traits that made her difficult to forget, bravery and brilliance (alliteration). Lucy’s fearless attitude kept her on top during the sunny times and kept her head up during the cloudy times (repetition). The bravery that Lucy showed wasn’t evident to all because she kept her professional mind-set throughout the highs and lows of her career. She was brave because she went through rheumatoid arthritis as a child, which took her ability to walk as a child for one year; she was brave because she endured a miscarriage and even though the media made that into a public affair, she kept her head up; she was brave because after divorcing her co-host and business partner she bought his half of their Hollywood production company and went into business for herself. Lucy placed a silk scarf down on the borders that had confined women for centuries and gracefully yet confidently walked across. Not only was L... Free Essays on I Love Lucy, Too Free Essays on I Love Lucy, Too â€Å"I Love Lucy† Too General purpose statement: To commemorate Specific Purpose statement: To commemorate Lucille Ball because she was a brave and brilliant woman Gained Attention and interest: Sometimes when people become famous they misplace their personal identity among the chaos and develop into the person the media has described them as, which much of the time isn’t her true self (concrete words). Introduced topic clearly: This was one route that Lucille Ball could have taken, but instead she took the road with no dust; the road people rarely take (antithesis). She turned herself in to more than the sex symbol she started out as; she became the off the wall comedienne who won the hearts of Americans of all races, all social classes, and all cultures (repetition). Lucy is most celebrated for her role in the TV show â€Å"I Love Lucy† as the scatterbrained housewife who could turn everyday chores into unparalleled fiascoes with her comic energy, panache for slapstick, and gift for vocal parody. Lucy had two character traits that made her difficult to forget, bravery and brilliance (alliteration). Lucy’s fearless attitude kept her on top during the sunny times and kept her head up during the cloudy times (repetition). The bravery that Lucy showed wasn’t evident to all because she kept her professional mind-set throughout the highs and lows of her career. She was brave because she went through rheumatoid arthritis as a child, which took her ability to walk as a child for one year; she was brave because she endured a miscarriage and even though the media made that into a public affair, she kept her head up; she was brave because after divorcing her co-host and business partner she bought his half of their Hollywood production company and went into business for herself. Lucy placed a silk scarf down on the borders that had confined women for centuries and gracefully yet confidently walked across. Not only was L...

How to Stand Out in a Competitive Job Market

How to Stand Out in a Competitive Job Market Due to the high volume of overqualified, over-degreed candidates flooding the market, you should always do as much as you can to distinguish yourself. This includes developing new skills, earning new qualifications and certifications, and sometimes, keeping a shrewd eye on skill sets that are most valuable across the widest swath of jobs. Here are three particularly robust and versatile skills that will render you invaluable to almost any employer.1. Business DevelopmentThis isn’t just for sales positions. At the end of the day, there are aspects of every job that require sales skills. And every business has people in roles that function as a kind of internal customer. Learning how to pitch ideas, appease different team members’ needs, and communicate effectively will help you build relationships, please the people you work with, and prove that you have what it takes to hold a team or a company together. It also never hurts to learn to sell what you need and want most.2 . Data AnalysisData is everywhere. From small to big to massive. And knowing how to handle it is becoming a necessary skill- and one in higher and higher demand. No matter what your field, or position within your company (HR, communications, accounting, marketing), being able to mine data for useful information and then present that information is key. You’ll also need to bump up your oral and written communication skills, which will always be a plus. And be sure to stay up on the latest data extraction software platforms and techniques. Do this, and you’ll stay ahead of this burgeoning curve.3. Leadership SkillsNot just â€Å"being a boss† or â€Å"managing a team† or â€Å"training new employees.† Many companies are looking for something a bit more ineffable, and much more useful. Catapult yourself to the top of the leadership line by demonstrating your fluency in collaboration (playing nicely with others and getting real results in the process), decision-making (aka taking the reins and exercising good judgment and control), and mentoring (really nurturing and bringing along younger or more inexperienced colleagues).The more you can prove that you’re an ethical, well-respected, well-liked colleague and/or supervisor, the more a hiring manager or boss will notice and start getting really excited about hiring you- or doing everything they can to keep you on board.Developing these skills is not a simple fix- more like a career-long strategy. But a very shrewd one that will prove to be rewarding, no matter what the outcomes.

How and When to Use Uniform Distribution

How and When to Use Uniform Distribution There are a number of different probability distributions. Each of these distributions has a specific application and use that is appropriate to a particular setting. These distributions range from the ever-familiar bell curve (aka a normal distribution) to lesser-known distributions, such as the gamma distribution. Most distributions involve a complicated density curve, but there are some that do not. One of the simplest density curves is for a uniform probability distribution. Features of the Uniform Distribution The uniform distribution gets its name from the fact that the probabilities for all outcomes are the same. Unlike a normal distribution with a hump in the middle or a chi-square distribution, a uniform distribution has no mode. Instead, every outcome is equally likely to occur. Unlike a chi-square distribution, there is no skewness to a uniform distribution. As a result, the mean and median coincide. Since every outcome in a uniform distribution occurs with the same relative frequency, the resulting shape of the distribution is that of a rectangle. Uniform Distribution for Discrete Random Variables Any situation in which every outcome in a sample space is equally likely will use a uniform distribution. One example of this in a discrete case is rolling a single standard die. There are a total of six sides of the die, and each side has the same probability of being rolled face up. The probability histogram for this distribution is rectangular shaped, with six bars that each have a height of 1/6. Uniform Distribution for Continuous Random Variables For an example of a uniform distribution in a continuous setting, consider an idealized random number generator. This will truly generate a random number from a specified range of values. So if it is specified that the generator is to produce a random number between 1 and 4, then 3.25, 3, e, 2.222222, 3.4545456 and pi are all possible numbers that are equally likely to be produced. Since the total area enclosed by a density curve must be 1, which corresponds to 100 percent, it is straightforward to determine the density curve for our random number generator. If the number is from the range a to b, then this corresponds to an interval of length b - a. In order to have an area of one, the height would have to be 1/(b - a). For example, for a random number generated from 1 to 4, the height of the density curve would be 1/3. Probabilities With a Uniform Density Curve It is important to remember that the height of a curve does not directly indicate the probability of an outcome. Rather, as with any density curve, probabilities are determined by the areas under the curve. Since a uniform distribution is shaped like a rectangle, the probabilities are very easy to determine. Rather than using calculus to find the area under a curve, simply use some basic geometry. Remember that the area of a rectangle is its base multiplied by its height. Return to the same example from earlier. In this example, X is a random number generated between the values 1 and 4. The probability that X is between 1 and 3 is 2/3 because this constitutes the area under the curve between 1 and 3.

Opening Up Of a Day Care Center Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Opening Up Of a Day Care Center - Essay Example This paper illustrates that some businesses specify the ages of children they can handle. If both parents are working, who will take care of the children? Child care center is the valuable instrument for child’s development because they learn social skills and gain the appreciation for education at an early age. According to research, brains of children grow faster during the first five years of their life. These facts dramatize the need for a daycare center to answer the growing needs of parents and children. As the number of parents entering the workforce grows, the amount available and quality child care facilities in many parts of USA becomes inadequate. In particular, this daycare center is proposed to be a home-based business and will take care of 4 to 10 children who will come on a whole day basis and another 10 toddlers who will also come as drop-ins. A portion of our house will be remodeled for the daycare business. It will be a modest start of operation since my capi tal is limited. The center is open from 6:00 am. to 8:00 pm. for 365 days a year. This time coincides with business hours of employment. The operation will be whole year round, because of parent’s time requirement. Parents can drop their children before going to work, and then pick them up in the afternoon. The daycare center can also accept half day caring to accommodate the schedule of busy parents. Come-ons for children will be the children inspired decorations of the nursery, or maybe children’s toys or books. A contract will be issued that covers the guidelines of the school so parents will understand the responsibility of the school and its limitations. The picture in the paper is a sample of a daycare center that is proposed. Pricing guideline is $100-200 week per child, $30-40 per day for infant care, and $20, and $30 for a full day. Since this guideline was done in 1993, pricing will necessarily adjust for costs of inflation, say, 10%.

Community organizing for health Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Community organizing for health - Essay Example The chapter on scale of measuring perception on control equally emphasizes the role of communal participation for a common course. People tend to have internal conflicts regarding how to act towards physiological occurences.Besides, the organization is subject to conflicting ideas and pressure to yield expected results and this requires confidence. In other words, people must have control over their thoughts, emotions and physical reactions in response to community health and welfare prospects. The validity and reliability of the scales to be used for such measurement needs extensive scrutiny. Individual perception on control translates to corporation among members of the community and yields desirable results. On policy Bingo, the author emphasizes need to protect private information despite the need for community involvement in health related issues. Setting limits on extent of disclosure must be respected and form a critical part of community health practices (Minkler, 2012). Besi des, organization and execution of laid down plan must observe socio-economic diversity that exists in the society. It is therefore critical to underscore the idea of privacy versus achievement of set goals.A critical evaluation of this book explores the increasing campaign on friendly social policies when it comes to community health and welfare. In my opinion, pursuit of the Frerian organizing codes is of unchallenged significance. Community constitutes different ethnic and racial diversity which must be captured while making decisions.

LLM Human Rights -Case study on prosectution Case

LLM Human Rights - on prosectution - Case Study Example During his reign he did a lot of inhuman atrocities against them on the pretext of their opposing his regime or for supporting Iran in the war. After the fall of Bagdad most of his lieutenants were captured but Saddam remained at large and was ultimately captured on the night of 12th December 2003. ' After the initial annexation of Iraq, it was ruled by the Coalition Provisional Authority (CPA), which was later on replaced by an interim government of Iraq. CPA created Supreme Iraqi criminal Tribunal (SICT), for the trial of the Saddam and other members of the Baath Party against charges of committing war crimes and other crimes against humanity. SICT held trials in front of five judges who heard both the sides and dispensed judgment and in doing so there was no provision of jury, there was also a chamber for further appeals consisting of nine judges.'The first trial of the tribunal began on 19th of October 2005, with the case of Dujail massacres of 1982, for which Saddam and seven others were tried.' Although one of the lesser crimes of Saddam, considering his standards, Dujails was probably taken up before the more serious Al-Anfal massacres because Anfal was much bigger in proportion and hence was expected to take much more time. Dujail is a Shitte town, having among its residents many supporters of the Dawa party, which was opposed to Saddam's rule. On 8th of July 1982, Saddam had gone to the town to praise those Shia's who were fighting the Iran - Iraq war on his behalf. Idea was to get more support from the large Shia community to fight the war against Iran. As he was returning from Dujail, his motorcade was fired on by a member of the Dawa party. Although Saddam was not hurt, he decided on a general retaliation. In the events that followed, his security forces killed nearly 150 civilians of Dujail and many were severly tortured. Also a large number of residents including women, children and the aged were send to the concentration camps. During the trial, one of the victims , who was 15 years old at the time of the massacre testified about the genocide. (McGeough, 2005) Based on this case along with Saddam, Barzan Hassan, former Iraqi intelligence chief, and Awad Bandar, former head of Iraq's Revolutionary Court, and Taha Yassin Ramadan, the former vice-president were also ordered to be executed, for participating in crimes against humanity. The more serious anti-Kurdish "Anfal" operation was carried out between February and September 1988 by Saddam Hussein. It was conducted in eight stages, with about 2, 00,000 ground troops bolstered by air support. Its primary purpose was to wipe out any Iranian intrusion in the region and also to put to rest the dream of Kurdish independence. The main targets of this campaign were the battle worthy adults and young men. Saddam wanted to exterminate them all, so that no one should be left to take up arms against his regime. It was conducted under Saddam's cousin, Ali Hassan al-Majidin, who was appointed in charge of the Northern region of Iraq, in March 1987. ' During these campaigns men (above the age of 15) were set apart from the women, later these men were killed and their bodies were dumped in mass graves.' Some of the sites, later excavated were found to have the bodies of thousands of victims. According to liberal estimates some fifty thousand Kurds died in these attacks, while the actual figure is supposed

Apply the transtheoretical Model of Change to Smoking cessation Essay

Apply the transtheoretical Model of Change to Smoking cessation program or intervention - Essay Example Although several quarters have highlighted weaknesses of the program, the general features are positive. The major focus of the exercise will be on stages of this model, how each can be applied to stop smoking and thereafter, a general critique. The TMC supports the idea that behavior change evolves rather than a perception that it can be revolutionized. This is an implication that the model is a process that is characterized by stages of acceptance to the ultimate cessation especially for smokers. The first one is the pre contemplation stage to the ultimate maintenance stage as illustrated by DiClemente et al (2002). At this point, the person is probably at the denial stage where thy have little or not plans to quit. Smoking to them is part of life and smoking is used for leisure, stress relieve or simply the addictive charm. At this point the person has zero motivation to quit although they are aware of the practice posses to their health. In the pre-contempation stage, the smoking cessation program implementers such as family members may only give minimal help to the individual through persuasive counseling. The decision to change the behavior only comes from within the individual. This is the stage where an individual is ready to act and begin the cessation program. As matter of fact, the individual may be projecting to start the program in six month’s time. The level of awareness of the individual on the effect of drugs is high (DiClemente et al., 2002). They understand the pros and cons of smoking and they believe that the process is possible. The program of cessation can be effective if the addicts can be informed of possible challenges such as relapses. Many smokers in the world today are in this stage because the vast majority is considering quitting. Here, the person is preparing to hit the road and begin the journey to full recovery. Most of the addicts are encouraged to begin with mental preparation for the program. It is common to find them

Domestic & Foreign Policies Writing Assignment Essay

Domestic & Foreign Policies Writing Assignment - Essay Example Participation in Head Start has seen more children graduate from high school to college than in previous decades. Similarly, Medicare has helped significantly decline mortality rates across all races in America. Apart from the direct benefits, safety nets are an indirect form of smart  investments in America’s economic growth because of the improved productivity and health. Even so, there are critics that see safety net programs as largely useless and counterproductive. They see the safety net programs as a disincentive for people to work, and in consequence, confine them to poverty. They encourage complacency and reliance, and reduce labor force participation.2 Despite the arguments, there is no much evidence to suggest the reduction in the labor force and laziness among recipients. In case they do, it is in a limited scale that is not comparable to the overall benefits of the programs. In the main, safety nets are beneficial because they develop the economy, support the middle  class, and lessen inequality. The invasion of Iraq was an unnecessary event that is similar to the redundant Vietnam War. The use of force in Iran is pointless and a waste of taxpayers’ money. The war on Iraq received condemnation both before and after the invasion. According to the United Nations Charter, the war is largely illegal. It results in unnecessary instability in Iraq, the Middle East, and even among a section of the American populace who do not support the war. Several deaths of innocent citizens occur because of the actions of American soldiers and their presence in the region.3 Even so, international restrictions on biological, chemical and nuclear weapons programs in Iraq are necessary for the sake of safety.4 Previous occurrences such as the nuclear attack on Japan were catastrophic, similar to the September 11 terror attacks. The

Disciplinary Action by the Texas Board of Nursing Essay

Disciplinary Action by the Texas Board of Nursing - Essay Example RNs have a duty to resolve any issues that may compromise the safety of the patient such as conflicts of interest; and ensure that professional integrity is upheld. The duty to the patient requires RNs to cooperate fully with other clinicians and staff in treatment processes. In the society, Goodman and Spry (2014) have pointed out that RNs have a responsibility to create awareness about human health, and prevention and management of diseases. Additionally, RNs should extend their service to cover community outreach initiatives and civil programs regarding health care. In light of this, RNs have an obligation to be well informed about health-related issues both within their countries of operation and across the world: these include; disease outbreaks, disasters, and communicable diseases (Haag-Heitman, & George, 2010). An RN must also help the society with administering effective vaccines, interventions to famine, provide solutions to pollution, affect easier and closer health care s ervices, and safeguard human rights. 2. What is the RN's Scope of Practice? According to Law and Marks (2013) the RN’s scope of practice involves advancing the interests of the patient and his or her loved ones as envisaged in the Nurse Practice Act (NPA) and the Board of Nursing regulations. Spence, Vallant, Roud and Aspinall (2012) have pointed out that it is within the RN’s scope to use specialized judgment and knowledge in precarious nursing situations. The nursing practice requires the professionals to render effective services premised upon sound skills of practice. The practitioners must also observe biological, social science and physical doctrines in their effort to settle for the best nursing interventions on patients (Haag-Heitman, & George, 2010). Despite their wide mandate in the provision of health care service, it is beyond the RNs’ scope of practice to diagnose patients’ health complications or offer treatment options for them. 3. What are prohibited practices or grounds for disciplinary actions by the Board of Nurse Examiners? The Board of Nurse Examiners (BNE) has laid out prohibited practices that normally guide professional practice. On the issue of patient care, any behavior that compromises the safety of the patient such as grave medication errors, patient exploitation, and negligence are prohibited in the profession (Goodman, & Spry, 2014). Chemical dependency is also prohibited in the profession, especially when the abuse compromises the safety of the patient. Such prohibited behaviors normally warrant different disciplinary measures such as license revocation, suspension, and even prosecution of the RNs. 4. Describe a RN's duty to report colleagues who may expose others to risk of harm. An RN has an obligation to ensure that the safety of the workplace is not compromised by fellow RNs or other clinicians (Haag-Heitman, & George, 2010). He or she must labor to promote everyone’s legal rights, individua l privacy, and professionalism in order to ensure the provision of quality services for the patient. In view of this, it is the duty of RNs to report negligent clinicians and other staffs whose actions or inactions may compromise the safety of the workplace by hurting the patients and or fellow clinicians. 5. When does the professional nurse have an obligation to report these actions? Matsusaki and Sakai (2011) have pointed out that the professional nurse is under an obligation to report colleag

Domestic & Foreign Policies Writing Assignment Essay

Domestic & Foreign Policies Writing Assignment - Essay Example Participation in Head Start has seen more children graduate from high school to college than in previous decades. Similarly, Medicare has helped significantly decline mortality rates across all races in America. Apart from the direct benefits, safety nets are an indirect form of smart  investments in America’s economic growth because of the improved productivity and health. Even so, there are critics that see safety net programs as largely useless and counterproductive. They see the safety net programs as a disincentive for people to work, and in consequence, confine them to poverty. They encourage complacency and reliance, and reduce labor force participation.2 Despite the arguments, there is no much evidence to suggest the reduction in the labor force and laziness among recipients. In case they do, it is in a limited scale that is not comparable to the overall benefits of the programs. In the main, safety nets are beneficial because they develop the economy, support the middle  class, and lessen inequality. The invasion of Iraq was an unnecessary event that is similar to the redundant Vietnam War. The use of force in Iran is pointless and a waste of taxpayers’ money. The war on Iraq received condemnation both before and after the invasion. According to the United Nations Charter, the war is largely illegal. It results in unnecessary instability in Iraq, the Middle East, and even among a section of the American populace who do not support the war. Several deaths of innocent citizens occur because of the actions of American soldiers and their presence in the region.3 Even so, international restrictions on biological, chemical and nuclear weapons programs in Iraq are necessary for the sake of safety.4 Previous occurrences such as the nuclear attack on Japan were catastrophic, similar to the September 11 terror attacks. The

In and Out of Hula Dancing Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

In and Out of Hula Dancing - Coursework Example The research deals with the change in kind of tradition or heritage that accompanies dance hula or its form or course of presentation in the countries where missionaries and Mormon belief faded slowly. It also delves deep if hula dancing is associated in the present context only with any form of exercise or if the traditional element is still existent in the art form. The name ‘Hula Dance’ is associated with girls wearing a short grass skirt, moonlit night and coconut trees on a shore where the roaring waves strike the shore and dance to the beats of this mighty dance. But far beyond that hula dancing, its concept and its traditional outlook, is analogous to what Cohen said about dancing: â€Å"History shows the dancer his heritage, his place in a line of distinguished, artistic ancestors. It is a legacy to instill a sense of pride -and responsibility†. The contention put forwarded by Cohen describes the sense which captures the true essence of the art form. In recent times outlook about hula dancing have changed a lot. Every year thousands of tourists are visiting Hawaii get the privilege to watch â€Å"real Hawaiian hula dancing† through a packaged tour with a Luau setting or in their respective hotels where they are given a glimpse of the gigantic heritage. The introduction to hula dancing is made common now – a -days through numerous competitions taking place worldwide, precisely in Hawaii. Yet, hula is viewed to be beneficial and the dance form is marked for its exercise benefits. The question that rises in one’s mind is if hula dancing is only an exotic form of dance which will be used to allure the tourists. To understand any form of folk tradition or art, it becomes necessary to delve deep into the heritage and the traditional way of living. Hula dancing cannot be merely categorized into a form of folk d ance that is tantalized with certain movements especially the hip movements even though they are the most popular. The movements that has perpetually served to entertain millions across the globe and has become the archetype of exotic and exuberance, actually conveys a complete different connotation. The movements that are used in hula dancing are not only carried out just for the sake of it. Those movements bear meanings that need to be thoroughly contemplated. The movement of this traditional dance form are actually casted out to make an artistry that inspires passion and encourage a traditional way of living.  Ã‚  

Performance Related Pay And Employee Rewards Management Essay

Performance Related Pay And Employee Rewards Management Essay Performance Related Pay (PRP) has been defined by several scholars including Armstrong (2002:261) and CIPD (2009). They suggested that PRP is a method of remuneration that provides individuals with financial rewards in the form of increases to basic pay or cash bonuses which are linked to an assessment of performance, usually in relation to agreed objectives. This definition captures what performance related pay is all about. In order to understand how PRP works in practice in relation to theories, it is been analysed with the help of the current practices which are prevalent in the organisations of repute. The organisation mentioned here is Mc Donalds which is also referred to as McD, which is a private sector fast food chain with 31,000 centres in 118 countries around the globe, McD uses performance related pay in order to motivate their staff, and also has different pay structures. The main aspects of performances related pay schemes have been identified as the nature of performan ce measures, assessment of the performance against fixed standards and how this is related to pay schemes (Kessler Purcell, 1992; cited in Thorpe Homan, 2000). PRP started becoming popular by the early 1980s and have been a major factor in the pay and reward scenes for many organisations. PRPs effect is more than just motivation alone; it is a significant phenomenon in the change management philosophy of the modern organisations. Now they have much more expectations thrust upon them like improving quality and skills, changing the work culture and promoting co-operation apart from the normal roles like recruit, reward and retain employees (Cannel Wood, 1992). In recent years people have been the key source to competitive advantage and it is not surprising on how employers try buying employee commitment. However the question of if the methods adopted are successful is still debated. Motivational theories can be traced back to the time of Taylorism and the theories have evolved from scientific management to Hawthorne, Maslow amongst others. However the report will focus on Vrooms 1964 expectancy theory on which PRP is based. According to CIPD (2009) there are three main objectives of PRP systems. Firstly it motivates employees to give their best performance by linking performance to the pay scales. Secondly PRP encourages the organisation to build up a strong high performance based organisational culture. Thirdly the fact of fair-trade policy. The better performed employee in the organisation gets the best monetary reward. The Expectancy Theory points out that management needs to communicate and disseminate information to employees that efforts will be recognised and rewarded also it is managements responsibility to establish schemes to reward the behaviour they want. Furthermore, the theory also implies that money is a significant motivator for most, and will usually alter our behaviour either by increasing or directing effort in specific directions to secure a higher salary or bonus payment. Also, it suggest that money is important not simply for its own sake, but because it is a means to achieve other ends (Taylor 2000:19). The theory has three central concepts. The first is Performance Outcome Expectancy which implies employee working in a particular way will yield foreseeable consequences while the Concept of Valence is the second. It examines the value derived from the outcome of behaviour and the final concept is Effort Performance Expectancy which examines employees perception of the likelihood of achieving a desired objective (Marchington and Wilkinson 2005). However PRP can not be discussed without looking at the old pay and new pay. The old pay was more compatible with traditional organisations structures and employment relationship in the 1970s and 1980s. The concept was characterised to be bureaucratic, based on incremental progression, lacks horizontal integration with other HR activities and it detached pay from the strategic objectives of the organisation (Philbeam and Corbridge 2006:231). The system faced lot of challenges because; pay had become a form of entitlement to employees, was not motivating and does not drive change. In contrast to the above, the main concerns of the old pay were fairness, consistency, equity and transparency but; was criticised for inhibiting organisational development in the twenty first century (Philbeam and Corbridge 2006:231). Lawler (1971) developed the new pay system which was in response to the issues raised in the old pay. It was the opposite of the old system which sets out to achieve challenges faced by the old system. The new pay was supposed to replace the old pay, he however stated that the new pay doesnt necessarily mean implementing new reward policies or abandon the traditional ones; it means identifying new pay practices that enhance the organisations strategic effectiveness (Lawler 1995:1). It was also suggested that the new pay helps link the financial success of the employee and the organisation, shows a connection between employee pay and performance and suggests that employee are rewarded when they exhibit a desirable behaviour (Tropman and McAdams 2001, Philbeam and Corbridge 2006). However, the new pay has since evolved giving birth to various forms of pay such as team based pay, competency pay, skills based pay et cetera. Performance related pay varies between sectors and the 1998 IPD research shows that PRP is used by 72% of employers in the financial services and 41% in the public sector (Armstrong 2002:266). Furthermore, the idea of linking a portion of pay directly to performance appraisal and to the achievement of specific performance objectives has proved particularly attractive to employers and such approaches are becoming popular in both the private and public sector (Taylor 2000:19). Moreover, PRP has a beneficial effect on employee performance and the achievement of organisation objectives and goals (Lawson 2000: 311). A typical example is when the bank introduced PRP in 2008. Here, monthly targets were given to employees and those who met their targets at the end of the month were rewarded in cash to encourage them, this is also applicable in the trust but the competition is between doctors. This worked for sometime but led to mistrust between employees. Employees began working on customer relationships that were not assigned to them and blacklisting of fellow colleagues with customers and senior management became the norm. This is supported by Marc Thompson (1992) who stated that new forms of pay can have a damaging impact on trust and working relations (Armstrong 2002:268). Similarly, PRP motivates and de-motivates employees at the same time. This is supported by Marchington and Wilkinson (2005) who identified from their research that 83.4% of the sample believes that PRP de-motivates while the others believe otherwise. Employees who meet their target are motivated to put in more effort some who have not met their targets will try keeping up with the drive however in a situation where a staff has met 99% of its target and their effort is not rewarded will lead to de-motivation and this will have a ripple effect for other staff will take up the attitude of why put in more effort when the organisation will not reward a colleague who met 99% of their target and this is applicable in both organisations. This also leads to lower job satisfaction on the part of the de-motivated employee and vice versa (Price 2007:484). However, the employer prefers PRP because it enables them pay few people more money rather than promoting the hardworking staff who has not me t their targets thereby saving cost. Again it depends on how effectively it works as a motivating tool to reflect organisational performance, employee development, loyalty, responsibility and the sense of achieving the organisational goals (LGE, 2008). . However employers use PRP to attract and retain people to their organisations by offering them competitive financial rewards. The basic assumption of employment is that services are exchanged for benefits which could come inform of money. Moreover, in an industry such as the financial services where PRP is a norm and the pay is competitive, staff retention is substantially important because; it may lead to the loss of business when the employee is recruited by a competitor and is offered higher pay. At the present situation of credit crunch most of the organisations are looking to reduce the number of employees as well as attract and retain only the employees who are high performing and multi skilled employees. Again high performing employees eight out of nine times is most likely to agree with the system of pay for performance and the organisations needs to put this scheme in order to attract and retain high performing employees (Thompson, 1992). In simple, establishing a standard f or measuring and rewarding for high performance can assist in retaining the most industrious employees. On the other hand it causes unfairness to the other employees because they get to share the target of the staff that leaves the organisation. This leads to the employer requiring the employee to put in more effort to achieve the new target under the same scheme. The doctors in the trust are not faced with this pressure because their targets are not financial and it lies more towards overtime hours and on call visits. One of the key concerns of the old pay was to promote fairness in the workplace. However PRP could lead to unfairness. PRP in both organisations is based on performance appraisal where the manager will recommend a staff for reward at the end of an appraisal period. In a situation where the manager recommends an average performer for PRP and does not recommend a top performer because the manager believes the employee has not done enough while it is evident to other managers and team members that it was the recommendation was a case of favouritism. This highlights a key issue affecting PRP which has been argued of not having a consistent method of judgement (CIPD 2009). The difference with the process in the bank is the entitlement of the employee to fill in their comment at the end of the appraisal and decide if the appraisal was fair or not based on listed reasons. This also cements the fact that PRP leading to conflict and in this case a rocky relationship between the appraiser and the appraise. Furthermore, CIPD (2009) suggest that linking of pay awards to performance review process may inhibit an open and honest discussion of an individuals training and development needs. This statement could be interpreted as PRP identifying developmental needs of the employee during appraisal process. Using the trust as an example the PRP scheme requires employees with the exception of doctors to present their continuous development plan (CPD) during appraisal period to show how they have developed, their future plans and the manager helps identify where the employee is lacking and how they can develop those areas. When compared to the process in the bank, there is no CPD presented during appraisal but the manager and employee identifies the areas where there is need for development to improve performance and make recommendations to management. However, both organisations only review the staff development at the next appraisal. It is assumed that team working yields better results. UNISON suggests that efficient and effective service depends on cooperation from staff Labour Research Development (1994:5). However PRP undermines team working because it does not put into consideration group efforts but it rather promotes individual working. The practice in both organisations promote team working but staff are only rewarded individually, which leads to uncooperativeness from team members, poor service delivery, de-motivation and it generally promotes poor performance. Marchington and Wilkinson (2005:341-342) states that with emphasis PRP places on individual performance-leads to a short-termist approach whereby individuals look for quick returns from small scale projects rather than addressing more fundamental problems. This shows PRP motivates better in short term compared to long term. The McDonald company lives up to the philosophy of Pay for Performance when it comes to rewarding their employees. While examining the situation in McD, it was noted that the organisation keep broadband pay data both internally and externally of the employees base salary after screening their performance which actually helps the employees to review their performance. McD offers TIP or Target Incentive Plan which is an incentive pay plan offered at corporate and regional employees helping them to link their pay to the performance in the sector they work. Kohn (1993) states that by and large, rewards succeed at securing one thing only: temporary compliance. When it comes to producing lasting changes in attitudes and behaviour, however, rewards, like punishment are strikingly ineffective.. there is no firm basis that paying people more will encourage people to better work or even in the long run, more work (Armstrong 2002:272). PRP is introduced to organisations to improve performance and maybe promote staff development during the process. However, it has been noted that with the existence of PRP in an organisation, there is a lesser drive for self development. People want to develop themselves initially to get be able to earn more money while a lesser percentage wants to improve their knowledge. PRP ensures people get the money, but de-motivates the staff on the long run while not accomplishing the initial goal which is to improve performance. Kohn (1993,1998) suggests that extrinsic rewards can erode intrinsic interest and that there is no firm basis for the assumption that paying people more will encourage people to better work or even in the long run more work (Armstrong 2002:272). Critique of the Performance Related Pay System Having examined performance related pay as a motivational instrument, it was noted that it is a widely used instrument in private and public sector organisations both nationally and internationally. It has proved overtime as a valid instrument for motivation but it has been criticised by various authors CIPD (2009) inclusive which states it has proved in some circumstances a rather crude instrument and the 1990s witnessed a number of challenges to the theory. It was also criticised of not been the only or even an effective motivator. According to Brown Heywood (2002) PRP increases the stress factor among the employees. most of the line managers having the view that staffs tends to put more pressure on themselves as they get motivated by the rewards and incentives which are put forwarded for individual performances and achieving set targets. The employees feel pressurised by the fact that their promotions and appraisals are heavily linked by the performance based approach. Because of this the workers tend to feel more stressed and can even lead to the breakdown of a staff member. Beer (1984) corroborates this while suggesting that when pay is tied to performance, it reduces the intrinsic motivation which comes when individuals are spontaneously involved in work because they are given freedom to manage and control their jobs also, it signals that it is management that is in control which reduces the individuals feeling of competence and self determination (Armstrong 2002:272). Several academics have criticised PRP as an instrument which promotes jealousness among staff which can lead to organisational conflict. However, Oswald (2002) disagrees with this and suggested that if salaries were confidential, then there s no way it can lead to conflict also he suggested that people should be paid on merit and effort (Wright 2004:122).PRP is measured using performance appraisal systems but the decisions of line managers makes reduces the viability of the process. PRP undermines team working and works more as a de-motivator rather than a motivator this is supported by Thompson (1993), Marsden and French (1998). While Pfeffer (1998) states that it is time consuming, undermines team working and it undermines the performance of both the organisation and individual in reality (Wright 2004:118). Conclusion The search for a positive relationship between PRP and performance as been described as looking for the holy grail (Fletcher and Williams 1992, Price 2007) while CIPD (2009) said it was the holy grail of the 1990s. Having examined PRP has a motivator, on reflection it shows it is a motivating instrument which is more applicable and effective in some industries compared to the others. Also, even though it has been criticised by several authors for its weaknesses, it shows that every theory has a weakness and its weakness has given birth to other forms of performance related pay thereby giving hope to more research on how performance can be improved in an organisation. The Labour Research Department (1999:2) quoting a personnel manager who stated money is really a de-motivator and a company that states the constant measuring of people against each other fed into staffs sense of job insecurity by generating evidence of failure to meet jobs. However, with its negative effect on performa nce, motivation, team working and the fact that the process could be subjective and expensive organisations are still applying it and trying to modify appraisal methods in order to get it right. Likewise the manager employee relationship is considered the main important factor in determining the success of PRP in an organisation (Thompson, 1992). However, Armstrong (2002:287) states that PRP has a limited power to provide incentive through financial means alone should be recognised, but that does not mean it should be rejected out of hand. It does work as a reward process in some circumstances and it does satisfy the basic principle that it is equitable to reward people who do well more than those who do badly.

Controversial Views in Kate Chopins The Awakening Essay examples -- C

Controversial Views in Kate Chopin's The Awakening "Too strong a drink for moral babies, and should be labeled `poison'." was the how the Republic described Kate Chopin's most famous novel The Awakening (Seyersted 174). This was not only the view of one magazine, but it summarized the feelings of society as a whole. Chopin woke up people to the feelings and minds of women. Even though her ideas were controversial at first, slowly over the decades people began to accept them. Kate O'Flaherty Chopin was raised in St. Louis in the 1850's and 1860's. Chopin had a close relationship with her French grandmother which lead to her appreciation of French writers. When she was only five Chopin's father, Thomas O'Flaherty died leaving her without a father figure. Eliza O'Flaherty, Chopin's mother, was from there on the head of the household. Chopin grew up knowing that women could be strong and intelligent and that they did not have to be submissive creatures (Skaggs 2). She loved her mother and considered her "A woman of great beauty, intelligence, and personal magnetism" (Seyersted 14). Growing up around independent women, however, did not dissuade her from marriage. Her marriage to Oscar Chopin by all accounts was a happy one. Taking on the role of a high society lady as well as wife and new mother, Chopin fit in well with the New Orleans culture. She enjoyed the Louisiana atmosphere so well that most of her writings were based here. Chopin continued living in Louisiana raising her six young children until the sudden death of her husband brought her back to St., Louis (Skaggs 3). Oscar Chopin died while their youngest child, Lelia was only three. Soon after Chopin moved her family to St. Louis to be with her dying ... ...admiration, it is easy to see how far this nation has come. Works Cited Bloom, Harold. Kate Chopin. New York : Chelsea House Publishers, 1987. Boren, Lynda S. and Sara DeSaussure Davis. Kate Chopin Reconsidered: Beyond the Bayou. Baton Rouge : Louisiana State UP, 1992. Delaney, Bill. Masterpieces of Women's Literature. New York : Harper Collins Publishers, 1996. Koloski, Bernard. Approaches to teaching Chopin's The Awakening. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State UP, 1988. Nickerson, Meagan. "Romanticism in The Awakening", The Kate Chopin Project. America On-line. February 2000. Seyersted, Per. Kate Chopin: A Critical Biography. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State UP, 1969. Skaggs, Peggy. Kate Chopin. Boston : Twayne Publishers, 1985. Taylor, Helen. Gender, Race, and Region in the Writings of Grace King, Ruth McEnerys Stuart and Kate Chopin. Baton Rouge

Human Evolution In Africa :: essays research papers

Evolution In Africa   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Humans, as we consider ourselves, evolved in Africa. Not entirely, but from early primates to our present state. Many people dispute this fact, despite astounding evidence supporting the theory, for various reasons. Showing all the genetic, paleological, and geological proof, I find it very hard indeed to contradict the evidence.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  True, humans didn’t evolve entirely in Africa. As a matter of fact the first known ancestors of humans where found in North America, in the Utah Valley. These animals where nothing more than a shrew in the shadow of the dinosaurs. However, with the event that killed the dinosaurs, they where finally allowed to reproduce and spread. At this time, according to isotope dating, the world was averaging 4 times warmer than it now is. As time went on, the small mammal had spread throughout Eurasia. All of Eurasia then was covered in tropical forests. Primates evolved in what is now the Indian Subcontinent.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  From their placement in India, then still lowland, primates spread throughout the world once more. Some returned to North America, only to be wiped out by rodents already living there. Others spread to Europe and the Middle East.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  By this time, Africa had just split from marsupial overrun Gondwanaland. About a million years later it reached the Middle East, and primates moved in. By now the world had cooled enough that the primates in Europe had been decimated to near extinction. They also migrated south, for the Mediterranean Sea was at that time dry lowland. Now almost all of the primates left in the world were in Africa, and the only marsupial that wasn’t wiped out was the opossum. Primates and large cats now ruled, with rodents scarce, which meant that the primates had to adapt to keep from becoming lunch. In light of this, natural selection shows only those primates with larger bodies and higher intelligence survived.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The once rodent sized primates, lemurs, now only exist in Madagascar, which had separated from Africa in the early Eocene Epoch, and where there were no predators to be found. In most of Africa, however, the primates got larger. They shifted evolutionary gears to start becoming apes and hominids. The first apes to evolve, Afropithecus was very small by ape standards. They were dumb tree swingers, but it was by their appearance that we owe our existence, along with chimps, gorillas, and orangutans. These apes, despite their stupidity, were very successful and spread back to India once more.

Summary

She compares guns to cars saying that we have high her standards when it comes to licensing people to drive than we have for people to own a gun, the cough a car can be considered a lethal weapon. Throwing the quote â€Å"guns don't kill people† out t he window, she makes the argument that many less family feuds would lead to death if only t here hadn't been a gun in the house. She says that the people who study martial arts, who can lit really kill with bare ands, have been through years of training and discipline but that anyone ca n pick up a gun and kill with it.She believes that at the very least people who have guns should be trained, disciplined and have the same restrictions as those in England because, in her view, having a gun is literally the power to kill. She insists that â€Å"gun nuts† have a power hang up a ND that no sane society would allow the use of guns to continue. In her very last, amusing word ads she insists that we ban all guns and get dogs for protection. Summary A Summary on â€Å"Addiction in Free Markets† Bruce k. Alexander who is a professor at Simon Fraser University and Stefa Shaler who is a Freelance Social Worker, describe the beginning of the twenty first century as a time of strain on society and members needs to feel included and not dislocated. A member should feel they are included in a larger community with a sense of belonging, if this psychosocial integration is not met a member could be a candidate of gaining an addiction and this is what Alexander and Shaler are claiming in the writing â€Å"Addictions in Free Markets†If a market is solely controlled on supply and demand it is considered a free market. If a market is free a member is more than likely to feel an inferior sense of belonging due to supply and demand, and if they can keep up with the changes of society. People who cannot accept society’s change are often left dislocated from the other members. Although a market doesn’t have to be free to feel this way it is just more common in a free market.Dislocation from a free market can cause one to feel excluded and this leads to addiction. If a member doesn’t reach a reasonable degree of psychosocial integration they find a substitute lifestyle and consequently gain an addiction to fill the void that they are left with. Addiction can really be anything such as: drugs, alcohol, gambling, and even sex. Alexander and Shaler claim that it is natural for members to blame their problems on addictions and find that people will often do this.Alexander and Shaler believe that in a free market the spread of addiction is from political and spiritual problems. Members refuse to give up hope in believing that a free market will create universal well-being, but Alexander and Shaler question that if a free market doesn’t find a generous source of psychosocial integration they will become even more dislocated which will lead to an increase in addictions.If a society would j ust create a sense of belonging and meaning for the victims of dislocation they might be able to control addictions. Therefore Alexander and Shaler strongly believe that a free market society is the problem, and they need to create a healthier environment for people to live in so there are fewer addictions. They state that a â€Å"healthier society ultimately leads to a healthier economic system as well. † Summary A Summary on â€Å"Addiction in Free Markets† Bruce k. Alexander who is a professor at Simon Fraser University and Stefa Shaler who is a Freelance Social Worker, describe the beginning of the twenty first century as a time of strain on society and members needs to feel included and not dislocated. A member should feel they are included in a larger community with a sense of belonging, if this psychosocial integration is not met a member could be a candidate of gaining an addiction and this is what Alexander and Shaler are claiming in the writing â€Å"Addictions in Free Markets†If a market is solely controlled on supply and demand it is considered a free market. If a market is free a member is more than likely to feel an inferior sense of belonging due to supply and demand, and if they can keep up with the changes of society. People who cannot accept society’s change are often left dislocated from the other members. Although a market doesn’t have to be free to feel this way it is just more common in a free market.Dislocation from a free market can cause one to feel excluded and this leads to addiction. If a member doesn’t reach a reasonable degree of psychosocial integration they find a substitute lifestyle and consequently gain an addiction to fill the void that they are left with. Addiction can really be anything such as: drugs, alcohol, gambling, and even sex. Alexander and Shaler claim that it is natural for members to blame their problems on addictions and find that people will often do this.Alexander and Shaler believe that in a free market the spread of addiction is from political and spiritual problems. Members refuse to give up hope in believing that a free market will create universal well-being, but Alexander and Shaler question that if a free market doesn’t find a generous source of psychosocial integration they will become even more dislocated which will lead to an increase in addictions.If a society would j ust create a sense of belonging and meaning for the victims of dislocation they might be able to control addictions. Therefore Alexander and Shaler strongly believe that a free market society is the problem, and they need to create a healthier environment for people to live in so there are fewer addictions. They state that a â€Å"healthier society ultimately leads to a healthier economic system as well. †

Adult Development and Substance Abuse

This research paper has been compiled through comprehensive collection of information from five different sources.   The area of substance abuse and its impact on the development progress of an individual has been explored.   This covers the range of personal capacity from social to economic spheres.Serious effects have especially been observed at the work place where by unlike the great need of talent competency required by the advance in technology and globalization, substance abuse is pushy behind the role of individuals in the economy.IntroductionThe substances in question are used for recreation purposes in some instances and for medical purposes in some other instances.   The moderate uses of some of the substances are therefore beneficial to the user while some should never be used at all.Continued and the over usage of these substances consequently becomes dangerous to the health of the user and consequent performance capacity of the user.   Examples of the substance in question with respect to this paper include â€Å"marijuana, hashish cocain or crack, sedatives, tranquillizers, stimulators, analgesics, tobacco†, among others (Finn & Hall, 2004, 34).The abuse in question refers to the use of those substances in the following ways:-Not for medical use, meaning when the user of the substance uses a substance with medical use, but against the purposes; on a personal prescription and without the doctor’s prescription.   The substance may also be used in prescription that are higher than what the doctor has prescribed in terms of quantities or frequencies (Frone, 2006).Effects of substance AbuseWhen a substance is wrongfully used in a way such as the one described above here, the substance becomes illicit whose effects includes impairment which has been found to occur frequently.   In the process of substance use and impairment, gender has been proven to play a vital role.   As regards gender men have been proven to be victims o f abuse and impairment more than women.   Women are only victims in most of the circumstances when there is a secondary factor leading to substance abuse.   Race does not play any factor in drugs abuse.   Education and age are very significant factors of abuse having been proven to posses an inverse variation.The â€Å"executive cognitive functioning of the individual and executive cognitive impairment is related to substance abuse† (Frone, 2006, 89).  Ã‚     The most prominent effects of substance abuse is exhibited in individual in the form of â€Å"anti-social characteristics and social deviance which are expressed in the form of anger, depression temperament, antisocial personality, conduct problems† among others (Frone, 2006, 89).Substance abuse has been observed to be promoted by the individual’s high levels of tendencies to respond to rewards and extremely low levels of tendencies to respond to punishments while disregarding social norms.   Th e abuser of the substance tends to be attracted to the salient more current and instant rewards and ignore the less salient future concurrent effects (Gallop, Crits- Christoph, Ten Have, Frank, Griffin & Thase, 2007).With regards to alcohol abuse excessive drinking is out of excitement associated with the habit.   The drinker imagines that pleasure is derived when poisoned by alcohol.   Alcohol problems tend to be principle causes of social deviance rather than alcohol use.   To become excited alcohol use is more prevalent than alcohol abuse (Gallop, Crits- Christoph, Ten Have, Frank, Griffin & Thase, 2007).Time is also important when it comes to alcohol abuse.   The responsibilities expected of an individual are interfered with when alcohol is taken at the wrong time.   Heavy alcohol intakes are bound to create alcohol problems.   The use of alcohol to excessive extremes affects the individuals self control.   Peer groups are also very influential towards the bad beha viors of alcohol abuse (Jackson, O’Neill & Sher, 2006).History of the family with respect to alcoholism also plays a significant part in areas of measures of seeking for excitement, Social deviance, alcohol related problems and reduced   fluency in speech expression.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The intelligence quotient of the alcohol abuser is also drastically lowered.   The health of the affected person deteriorates, the levels of productivity decreases and the safety of the respective person is greatly undermined (Finn & Hall, 2004).The current global economic position requires people to be effectively competent in their respective talents.   This goal is defeated by the abuse of these substances.   The substance when abused poisons the user and this is intoxication.  Ã‚   The abuse has some adverse negative effects on the functioning of the brain of the affected individual which is impaired.   The impairment brings about some absurd behaviors and some changes in the indiv idual.As the individual develop the habit of use of a substance, the body system devises some tolerance to the effects of the substance in which case the individual adapts to the use of the substance.   The body is in a position to cope with some specific doses of a substance.   The use of the substance beyond this adapted dose is tantamount to the abuse of the substance.The abuse is specifically detrimental to the workers who extend the impairment to their workplace. In the work place, the quality of work is negatively affected by substance abuse.The environment at work develops adverse physical and psychological attributes as a result of illicit drugs by employees (Wiesner, Windle, & Freeman, 2005). The abuse of drugs is bound to generate stress at work.   The extended use of illicit drugs in turn is responsible for very poor productivity levels at the work place.The personality of the individual is also adversely affected, with the individual acquiring some personality trai ts which are guided by the specific type of substance dependence.The personality traits exhibit some similar characteristics across substances that are usually abused High degrees of negative emotionality are directly related to alcohol use disorders, â€Å"high extraversion and low levels of conscientiousness† (Grekin, Sher & Wood, 2006, 79).On the other hand the extended use of cannabis sativa creates some â€Å"low extra versions on one hand and a high degree of openness to experience on the other hand† (Grekin, Sher & Wood, 2006, 77).     Ã‚  The personality of any individual has some positive correlation with the antisocial behavior and the abuse disorder associated with the use of a specific drug.There exists a significant association of personality and substance dependence and the ability to control behavior of negative consequence to the society.   The most affected group in the society by substance abuse ranges from adolescence to the early adulthood, an d a single behavior factor is very influential towards alcohol dependence, dependence on drug and the ‘antisocial personality disorder which is externalizing in nature’ (Frone, 2006,198).The abuse of these substances have been observed to yield such bad behaviors as skipping school, running away from homes, cases of shoplifting, thefts, at work, all these being considered to as deviant and aberrant behaviors.   These behaviors have been mostly observed in men more than in women, and therefore  Ã‚   gender is very significant in novelty seeking and substance abuse.The abuse all result to depression which in turn results to job stress and poor productivity.   This creates some high degrees of boredom at the job, the variety of skills deteriorates, and autonomy becomes significantly low.   There has been reported a linear corelatiship between binge drinking and the job stress, also the abuse of drugs and heavy drug use are positively correlated with stresses at the job (Jackson, O’Neill & Sher, 2006).This in turn results to psychological problems at the work place which is a contributor to risky health environment which is a result of† aversive work conditions† (Frone, 2006, 123).  Ã‚  Ã‚     Some of these conditions include noxious environments, insecurity in the job, being treated in an unfair manner, poor pay lack of benefits and promotions in the work among others.   All these become dangerous work conditions.In conclusion, the substance use Disorders have therefore been seen to have negative affectivity.   Some personality traits have also been found to be differentially correlated to the dependence symptoms associated with the use of alcohol, drugs and tobacco.With respect to abstinence from the abuse of these substances, gender has also been found to be very significant with men being found to have higher oscillations between use and abstinence as compared to women.  Ã‚     Time required for the transitio n between substance abuse and abstinence is very important as the transition cannot be achieved overnight.   This is quite important since the process goes through relapse to recovery.ReferencesEmily R. Grekin, Kenneth J. Sher, and Phillip K. Wood (2006), Psychology of Addictive Behaviors: Personality and Substance Dependence Symptoms, Vol. 20, No. 4, 415–424Kristina M. Jackson, Susan E. O’Neill, and Kenneth J. Sher (2006), Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology: Characterizing Alcohol Dependence, Vol. 14, No. 2, 228–244Margit Wiesner, Michael Windle, and Amy Freeman (2005) ,Journal of Occupation Health Psychology: Work Stress, Substance Use and Depression Among Youth Adult Workers, Vol. 10 No.2, 83-96)Michael R. Frone (2006), Journal of Applied Psychology: Prevalence and Distribution of Illicit Drug Use in the Workforce and in the Workplace, Vol. 91, No. 4, 856–869.Peter R. Finn and Julie Hall (2004), Journal of Abnormal Psychology: Cognitive Abi lity and Risk for Alcoholism, Vol. 113, No. 4, 569–581.Robert J. Gallop,Paul Crits-Christoph, Thomas R. Ten Have, Jacques P. Barber Arlene Frank, Margaret L. Griffin, Michael E. Thase (2007), Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology: Differential Transitions Between Cocaine Use and Abstinence for Men and Women, Vol. 75 No 1,95 -103.

My Traumatic Event

My Traumatic Event It was the first week Into my sophomore year; I thought I was going to have such a fun and careless time, I had Just got out of a very bad relationship and for the first time I felt free and In control of my own life. Until the day that my traumatic event changed my look on life, and made me open my eyes to reality. I had walked over to my friend Macaulay's house the morning before school. As I walk in the door McKay says â€Å"Hey girl I've got some good stuff for you. † Me: â€Å"Sure, what is it? † â€Å"I've got Asana that are . OMG,† she said â€Å"Oh yea sure, and if they're only . MGM I'll take two of them. Later on that morning I am sitting in my first period class which was speech. I am starting to feel extremely tired and I fall asleep for almost the whole period which was 90 minutes at the time. It was near the end of class, when there was about only 20 minutes left, I Instantly woke up and felt Like I was going to get sick so I qui ckly asked â€Å"May I go to the restroom? † My teacher must have known something was wrong because she sent her assistant with me. Once I was In the restroom, I pulled out my phone and tried to dial my great grandma so that she could come pick me up, but the embers started to look blurry.The lady who was with me asked â€Å"Are you k, are you k? Do I need to go get help? † The story from there on is kind off fog. I do remember being asked if I wanted to go to the nurses' office. Once I was in the nurses office I was asked what was going on. â€Å"l took two Asana that were . OMG. † â€Å"I'm sorry Ashley but I couldn't understand that, what did you say? † I was making sense in my mind but to other people I was mumbling and stumbling. The nurse had me sit down and try to explain things to her, while I waited on the ambulance to get there. â€Å"Ashley, what did you take? â€Å"l took†¦. I would doze off and the nurse would shake me and yell†¦ â€Å"Ashley, stay with me and explain to me what happened,† she said â€Å"l took two Asana†¦. † And I would doze off again and the same thing would happen. As I'm dozing off I see black walls that have surrounded me, and I feel as if I have been asleep for a while, when really it had only been a couple seconds. The whole time the nurse tried to get what happened out of me. As I'm waiting for the ambulance, I felt as if I had been waiting for hours. I don't know how long I had really been waiting, but it sure did feel like forever. Finally, the ambulance had arrived.I was put on the stretcher, strapped on, and wheeled out. As I'm being wheeled out the paramedic is trying to talk to me to keep me awake, it works until we get to the front door of the school (which is not very far from the nurses office. ) I do remember that as I'm being taken out that there are all these students gathered around trying to see what Is going on. Looking back I think how embarrassing. The next part that I remember I woke up to being hooked up to monitors, EKE pads all over, an IV In my arm, and I had to have a tube shoved down my nose. I was forced to drink something until I woke up Just puking nonstop.The worst part was I had nothing in my stomach to puke up besides that black, thick liquid I had drank earlier. What I was throwing up was pretty much tar like. After that phase passed I fell asleep again. The next time I woke up my dad was sitting across the way in front of me. He was sitting there with his hands on his head, as his head was down. I didn't even have to see the look on his face to tell that he was worried. Once he realized that I was awake I saw a look of relief and disappointment. The rest of what happened in the hospital is blur, so to mom to a conclusion I had overdosed.What I had taken was not real sure. I had blood test done in the hospital, but they are not real sure what exactly I had taken. From the description that I had given and my symp toms they said it could have been morphine, but that is not one hundred percent sure due to it wasn't found in my blood test. I paved some heavy consequences for my actions that day, even though the drugs were not taken on school ground, my episode happened on school ground. I was suspended for seven days, and I had to give the name of the person who I had received the pills from.Of course the person who I received them from was not happy, so I took harassment from her and her family for quite a while. My dad was pretty upset with the choice that I had made, and he felt that I should be punished/embarrassed. So after I was released from the hospital I went home, I ate something, and I started to change into some pajamas when my dad said â€Å"Oh no, we've got softball practice tonight and you're going! † I looked at him like he was crazy. I could barely function with all the â€Å"morphine† in my system. When I get to practice of course my dad has to tell my whole stor y to everyone.My coach takes me aside and wants to have a heart to heart conversation. I don't remember everything that he said, but I do remember a few things. â€Å"Ashley, high school is a very important matter and it is very easy to get mixed in with the wrong crowd. If you want to make something out of yourself you have to graduate high school, and you have to graduate with good grades and a good GAP, so don't let the wrong crowd ruin your future because you want impress a couple of friends you'll only have for maybe a year or two. † I thought about what my coach said and I started to think, â€Å"What do I want to do with my future?I want to be a Nurse Practitioner. After that I started to look into colleges, I had to take into consideration a lot of things. Like the things a college looks for in a student. Good consistent grades, a high GAP, attendance, whether or not you were a good student. At that point I was not on the right path to accomplish my future goal, and from that point on I changed my life in school. I got serious, I started going to class, I was there on time, I studied for test, and I always did my homework and always turned it in on time. All of my hard work finally paved because I did graduate in May of 2013.I may not have graduated with highest honors, perfect attendance, or valedictorian, but I came close to a 4. 0 GAP, and I graduated early. After high school, I went on to college to study medical assisting. I started out in college the right way, I did not fool around at all. When all said in done I graduated in November 2013, this time I did make a difference. I graduated with perfect attendance, highest honors, and valedictorian. My hard work paved off, I am now a medical assistant at the Indianapolis VA Hospital, and I plan on moving up in the medical field and making a difference.

'Finder' Case Study Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

'Finder' Case Study - Essay Example In the process of employee relation activities, mangers should behave in a reasonable and fair manner and also influence other management colleagues to behave in a similar manner. It is important for the managers to appreciate the principle of the procedure of employee relation is to establish a set standard of behaviour. However managers must also appreciate as to why such practice is important to protect and advance the management interest. Change and innovation in the employee relations policies as well as practices helps the firm o gain a competitive advantage over its competitors (Gennard &Judge, 2005, p.4). Therefore it has been said that the management needs to understand the employee relation. This management report deals with a case study of Finder and aims to analyse the current situation of the employees and recommend solutions. In addition to the report a reflective statement has also been provided. Analysis of the Situation Finder Industries was established in the year 1 930s and dealt with high precision engineering manufacturer. It had over the years grown on the basis of high quality and for its innovation in technology. It has been operating in 70 countries and employs about 20,000 people and manufactures patented medical equipments and technologies which are used in the hospitals across the globe. The company has managed to emerged from the global financial crises in a relatively health position. The demand for its products is strong and the new products which are manufactured by the company have been into the fore front of some of the non invasive medical procedure. The company also managed to reduce waste during the production process and improve the productivity eliminating the defects in support of total quality. But the UK site was ranked poor in some related areas and demanded targets for immediate improvement. Employee relation problem As per the case study Finder Industries faced one of the major problems in the area of absenteeism. The cost of absenteeism has been the highest in UK facility especially among the manufacturing operatives and research and development staffs. About 1500 staff was employed in the manufacturing operatives and 200 staff employed in the research and development. The rate of absenteeism was about 10% which was much higher than the industry average. The employees mainly availed the sick leave mainly the long term sick leave. Also short term sick leave was also high such as such as night shift workers being absent on Friday nights, or day operatives absent when scheduled to work on a Saturday. Many of the employees absent were not subject to sanction as they returned to work. As a result they continue to incur the annual leave. Reason behind a large percentage of absenteeism may be due to numerous factors. According to reports, about 40 million days are lost each annual year to workplace absenteeism. Nearly about 93% of the employees quote cold and flu as one of the cause for being absent b ut in reality half of the workers have actually nothing with respect to health. The absenteeism had an inverse impact in the overall UK industry. According to CBI 11.5bn in the year 2002 was paid out through wages to the absent workforce and temporary staff. But however it is important to manage absenteeism and it is actually quite simple to manage absenteeism among the employees (BBC News, 2004). Finder Industries has been reported to have the largest

Research and Study Skills for Managers Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Research and Study Skills for Managers - Essay Example ad finished and our department submitted the proposal, along with a demo of the software application we had suggested as a strategy for overcoming the geographic factor in the outsourcer-outsourcee relationship. It was subsequently accepted by the organisation’s leadership and, in acknowledgement for our efforts, members of the department received rewards. The financial rewards we were given had been determined by our position and hence, within my department, I received the highest bonus. The financial differentiations, although standard practice in the company aroused the anger of one of my colleague, following which he lodged a complaint stating that he had carried much of the responsibilities which had been assigned to me in the design of the stated solution, in addition to which, he often has to step in and execute my departmental responsibilities. Following receipt of the complaint, the HR manager called me in. He informed me that, upon subtle investigation, he ha discovered that the complaints were baseless. He also advised me that there were two possible approaches to the problem at this stage. The first was for the HR department to step in and officially investigate the claim, following which the outcome f the investigation will determine actions to be taken against either my colleague or myself. The second option was for me to resolve this obviously personal problem on an intra-departmental level. After considering the two options, I decided that the second one was the better of the two. In the first place, this was a problem which was rooted in personality clashes and differences. In the second place, were it not resolved on an intra-departmental level, department cohesion and unity will be jeopardised and, naturally, so will the department’s ability to work as a tram. Thinking over this particular problem, I realised that the key to the solution lay in both my academic and experiential learning. The extent to which this realisation

Family Law - Marriage Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Family Law - Marriage - Essay Example Therefore now begs the question why would one marry. Physiologists believe that marriage is a link to mental balancing and physical health. Family fact organization site believe that marriage couples tend to have lower mortality rate, financial stability and general physiological well being. That means marriage can make one better wealth accumulator. All this benefits of marriage must have culminated from some factors found in a healthy marriage only. Marriage couples enjoy sex to the fullest than their counter parts who cohabit, because of the legality of their union. They are not worried when making love as their counterparts who are very conscious lest they cross boundaries of the â€Å"illicit sex†, example impregnating. According to studies marriage women are healthier physiologically and physically, feel more secure, increases influence, and couples tend to report lower level of depression and are less addicted to substances. The biggest disadvantages of marriage, both parties are core owners of their wealth. This means if one chooses to go, the wealth will be shared between the two parties . In conclusion, weighing cons and pros of marriage, it is moral to support its institution because of its advantages which outweigh the cons of marriage, and who doesn’t want to be wealthy? ... ea, gloves for the hand and goggles for the eyes, nature has shaped them and if by any chance they are used for any other purpose, they do not fit and the user may be termed as persons with mental depravity. Same sex marriage is not the issue; the issue is the sex itself. This is not about religion, or politics. This is the argument of reasoning. It goes beyond the Hawaiian constitution, for democracy is a say of the majority but that cannot overrule the truth and the fact of nature3. From researchers gay couples are obviously unfaithful to their spouse compared to the straight ones. They are poor parents, and their sexual pleasure and fantasy is far much brutal and uncontrollable. In other words gay marriage is legalizing some sort of future sexual offenders. HIV is also rampant to the gay community because of these very same facts they emphasizes on sex not family. If it has no benefit to society, it therefore of no reason whatsoever to be legalized in the institution of marriage b ecause it fail the test marriage4. I don’t know what the drive for same sex union is, but no matter the justification of it, there is nothing like same sex marriage. In my opinion legalizing a social sickness is legalizing a global confusion and judging them is not healing them. The main point is, same sex marriage does not exist, but the homosexuals and gays need counseling, accommodation and tolerance but not marriage. 3rd Task: 300 words abstract for the following essay: "To what extent does the law governing the allocation of parenthood successfully accommodate the diverse ways in which people become parents today?" In this context, presumably parenthood allocation means child custody and control giving the parent the power of right and responsibility. According to many state laws, a