Evaluate the Current State of the Economy Essay Example for Free

Evaluate the Current State of the Economy Essay confinement market conditions be important especially for the following categories, businesses, individuals, and governments. The nations compass market conditions be constantly monitored by statistical analysis, un vocation ramble being the primary metric. In April of 2014, the unemployment crop fell from 6.7% pct to 6.3% percent (Bureau of Labor Statistics. whitethorn 2014), which was the last-place rate since September of 2008. Since January the unemployment rate had been somewhat flat, save in April 2014 it dropped. However in April, the labor force additionally dropped by 806,000 (Bureau of Labor Statistics, may 2014) meaning the current ratio drop from 6. 7% to 6.3% comparatively remains approximately the same as the constant tr completion. In other words, because of the accrue in workforce, the drop in unemployment may be partially a result of the decrease in workforce.The consistent level of unemployment makes sole cisms on AD and AS draw in minor. When unemployment decreases, as it did in April, a correlation linking the drop in unemployment to an extendd request of goods and services sight be do. This amplificationd subscribe to requires the increaseivity of companies to increase to meet the supply deficit, creating more jobs for individuals. With a greater demand for goods and services, there is a greater need for people to produce them, therefore a decrease in unemployment.Additionally, the decrease in unemployment means household income pull up stakes improve, providing them with more disposable income. As noned above, because of the increase in demand (seen in the come down in the unemployment rate), a direct correlation can be made to an increase in supply, though delayed. The increase in supply increases the number of rude(a) employees as employers look to meet the demand for goods and services, shifting the AS cut top to the right as well.In most cases unemployment remain s constant, but in US, the game unemployment rate (compared to the past) can have a negative effect on the delivery. The steady unemployment rate can reduce the supply of labor in the economy, as unemployed people become discouraged and stop looking for for jobs. This would shift the conglomeration supply curve to the left. Also employers may use the threat of unemployment to racetrack stipend, exploiting their workers.ExpectationsThe great intangible detailor directly affecting the economy currently is peoples expectations for future tense stinting fruit. These economic expectations influence the economy greatly. If businesses and households are more optimistic about the future of the economy, they are more likely to buy large items and make new investments, increasing the aggregate demand. The AD can change in a variety of ways. Peoples expectations causes them to spend less or be forced to cut consumption, it causes the government to cut its spending, and it causes busi nesses to be more upper-case letter conscious when choosing what their investment in goods go forth be from other companies. As a gauge, many people look at the gross domestic product (GDP), the broadest measure of economic activity, which grew at a 0.1% annual pace in the first quarter of 2014 (U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis, April 2014). This is slow growth compared to recent annual rates of 2% to 3% (U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis, April 2014).Many think the slowdown was caused by the long winter felt throughout the country. These slow growth rates shift both the AD and AS curves to the left, as consumers and business feel the affect or peoples wait and see status in economy. Assuming this is all weather based, the economy should bounce as household moral improves with the warmer spring and summer weather. Consumer expectations are also reflected in their spending. Consumer spending rose 0.3 percent last month afterward a downwardly revised gain of 0.2 percent in Januar y (Mutikani, Lucia, March 2014), positive for now, but on a larger scale reports show the slowdown in real GDP growth is reflected in the downturn in exports.The exports of industrial supplies and materials as well as foods, feeds, and beverages even outd after increasing in the quaternate quarter of 2013. (U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis, April 2014). Additionally, imports have also declined by 0.4 percent in April, after increasing 1.8 percent in the first quarter of 2014 (Bureau of Labor Statistics. April 2014). The April drop was the first monthly decrease since the index fell 0.9 percent in November 2013 (Bureau of Labor Statistics. April 2014). Import prices also fell 0.3 percent over the past 12 months and have not recorded a year-over-year advance since the index increased 0.9 percent from July 2012 to July 2013 (Bureau of Labor Statistics. April 2014).There drops in the US economy are felt in the household sector through the execution of instrument of monetary and physic al insurance which are used to combat economic declines which directly affect consumers expectation and spending habits.Consumer IncomeAs mentioned above, consumers are still buying things. Consumer spending continues to be a bright spot, growing at a 3% annual pace. (Mutikani, Lucia, March 2014). This occurred even though prices of goods and services bought by U.S. residents rose 1.4 percent in the first quarter, after rising 1.5 percent in the fourth quarter of 2013. Both energy prices and food prices turned up. Excluding food and energy, prices increased 1.4 percent in the first quarter after rising 1.8 percent in the fourth quarter (U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis, April 2014). This illustrates the shift in AD tow the right. importee consumers are willing to put up higher prices at current production rates.The increase in consumables indicates consumers have more disposable income to spend on goods and services, and they are not choosing to save. Personal income and personal s aving statistic showing that personal income adjusted for inflation and taxes increased 1.9 percent in the first quarter, compared with 0.8 percent in the fourth quarter of 2013 (Mutikani, Lucia, March 2014). Incomes also rose 0.3 percent last month after rising by the same margin in January. Additionally, inflation has remained low. featurethese factors, consumer spending, price increases, low inflation, increased personal income, will inevitably be forecasted by business as powers to increase production. Increased production also increase supply, shifting AS to the right as business attempt to meet consumer demand.Interest RatesInterest rates in the United States are the lowest they have been in years. This indicates the policy and stance taken by the government for lending money. The government is trying to entice consumers to file for loans as well as encourage banks to lend and approve loans. With interest rates this low and consumer income increasing, one would expect consume rs to increase their buying of more significant items.The aggregate demand curve shows, at various price levels, the quantity of goods and services produced domestically that consumers, businesses, and governments are willing to purchase. The increase in demand for low interest loans would shift the AD curve as a shift to the right.Domestically, the Federal Reserve expected to remain in a wait-and-see mode, hoping to get a clearer picture of U.S.s future economic strength (Kurtz, Annalyn, April 2014). Moreover, the Federal Reserve has been buying bonds to stimulate the U.S. economy on and off since 2008, but the central bank is now gradually take that program to an end. The withdrawal process is expected to reduce bond purchases to around $45 billion a month (Kurtz, Annalyn, April 2014), and this process potentially will shift the nations monetary policy to focus more on interest rates rather than adjustments to the monetary base.These changes to the interest rates will impact capi tal goods decisions made by consumers and by businesses. Lower interest rates will lower the costs of major products, such as houses, and will increase business capital project spending because of the reduction in long-term investment costs. Such changes will move the aggregate demand curve will down and to the right. But, in the event of an interest rate hike, the higher real interest rateswill make capital goods relatively more expensive and cause the aggregate demand curve to shift up and to the left.RecommendationsAmericas recent financial crisis and the anticipated future economic outlook can be traced back to 2007 when the U.S. housing bubble burst. The bank failures created a dominos affect, creating an economic meltdown in all sectors of the US economy. Despite government attempts to help the situation, the economy has slowed and has slipped in and out of recession. As a result, the current government policies have not been effective, creating hesitations in consumer spendin g.Since 2008, the actions taken by the Federal Reserve have put the U.S.s economy in jeopardy. To stem the economic slide of the U.S. housing collapse, the Federal Reserve has printed off trillions of dollars and has increased government spending in the economy hoping the inflow of cash will jump start economic activity. But is has had an inverse affect. This dilution of the monetary base has diluted the value of the U.S. dollar (USD) domestically and inter fieldly and has caused bear upon of consumer spending in the loanable funds market.Consumer spending is a 69% of the US GDP (The World Bank, 2013). An increase in spending would stimulate additional demand for products. With an increase in demand, business would increase productivity resulting in an improved GDP and lower unemployment. Additionally, in 2014 one of the greatest uses of a consumers income is to pay health care costs. The Bureau of Economic Analysis noted that the increase in health care costs was driven primarily by the implementation of the Affordable Care Act. Removing the Affordable Health Care Act will improve consumer spending, as their disposable income percentage will increase.When the financial crisis began in 2008, the U.S. national debt stood approximately at $10 trillion. Based on the US Treasuries own figures, the national debt will reach be close to $20.0 trillion by the end of this decade (US exchequer Department Treasury Direct, 2014), greater than our nations GDP. Reducing governmentdebt takes a long time, especially with the current international influences (China, Japan, EU). A fiscal policy to increased taxes and reduced government spending would be a place to start. Additionally, a reduction in monetary base will again, strengthen the USD internationally, helping facilitate and increase import/exports. Part 2 Evaluation of RecommendationsKeynesian PerspectiveBased upon the thorough analysis completed above, the Keynesian model is an appropriate mechanism for stimulating an economy that is growing but at a much slower rate than what is typical during a design of economic expansion. After a couple of years of substantive growth, the be for the first quarter of 2014 showed a GDP increase of just 0.1%. While the unemployment numbers continue to show a decline. While stubbornly remaining at 6.7% nationally through April, the most recent numbers show significant decline to 6.3%. The mortgage interest rates fell recently to 4.29% as the housing market has slowed down recently.While the Fed is beginning to slow down buying treasury bonds, it will continue to keep interest rates low until all signs point to GDP growth returning to a normal rate of 3.28% annually. Those numbers are indicative of annual GDP growth rates from 1948 to 2009. The first quarter of 2009 saw the economy shrink by nearly 5% following the market collapse and the bank bailouts just before President Obama took office. Subsequently, the bailout of GM and Chrysler in 2009 also impacted the economy as well, but was demand to save the industry and jobs in Detroit and elsewhere for parts manufacturers and suppliers. The risk of course was the termination of more than a million jobs, but in the end the loss was $10.5 billion in taxpayer money not repaid by GM.Classical Macroeconomic opening assumes that market conditions will sort themselves out, but the confluence of catastrophic economic issues such as the real estate market collapse, bank insolvency, the stock market collapse and the auto industry bailouts meant looking at long-term solutions wouldnot provide the confidence in the markets and consumers alike. Short-term or stop gap measures require to stem the downward spiral to depression and economic contraction were and are required to right the economic ship. Keynesian economic theory is more prone to acceptance of government stimulus as it relied on government spending during economic downturns.They Keynesians believe that the economy is made up of consum er spending, business investment and government spending and because of this, Fed monetary policy adjustments should be made to march on banks to make loans, businesses to invest in growth and expansion and consumers to have more buying power due to lower interest rates. When consumer spending is lessen, the Keynesian theory believes that the government spending can help with economic growth.The current course of action taken by the Fed and the President should be continued for the foreseeable future until economic conditions stabilize back to the norms over the last 60-plus years. Once GDP growth returns to expansionist highs and inflation begins to rise, there may be a need to take corrective action again to slow the economy down, but for now that is not an issue.Since economic growth is lacking, government intervention is needed to help regulate and jumpstart the economy. This will allow banks to lend more, businesses to invest more and households to spend more. It is crucial f or these three entities to do as such since it will help the economy grow and progress.Classical PerspectiveA portion of the AS curve that is almost vertical is associated with a real GDP rate that fully employs a nations resources. At a rate of output, the nation has reached the limitation of its short run capacity, so an attempt to increase employment or output beyond this rat would result only in a higher aver price level. The theory is built on the fact that in the long run, a nations move gradually and automatically moves toward full employment. This inexorable like movement toward full employment is theresult of supply and demand forces that cause prices (wages, interest rates, and exchange rates) to adjust so that markets clear. And after enough time, the market will settle the supply and demand in all markets, and thereby eliminate any imbalances, such as employment. Since many classical economists do not believe that government spending gives power to the public sector and decreasing the private sector, they do not fully agree with too much government spending as it exploits a lot of economic resources.Example judge a nation had excessive unemployment. Classical economist would agree that a major cause of the unemployment was an average real wage rate that was above equilibrium. At this wage rate the amount of labor supplied exceeds the amount demanded, resulting in unemployment. The excessive supply of labor would put downward pressure on real wages. locomote real wages would then have two reinforcing affects that acted simultaneously to bring the labor market back into equilibrium. First, lower real wages would increase the inducing for businesses to hire workers second, they would reduce the number of individuals in the workforce. For instance, instead of looking for work, some individuals might stay in school or remain homemakers. If real wages fell the amount of labor supplied would equal the amount demanded and unemployment would be solved. ( Marthinsen, John E. (2007))The classical perspective emphasizes on the belief that government spending is detrimental to the economy and that the market itself is self-sufficient and can automatically adjust to increases and decrease of employment, consumer spending, business investment and so on. The current government policies have not been effective and when looking at it from this classical perspective, it might be necessary for the government to step back and let the mark equilibrate itself.ReferencesBureau of Labor Statistics. (April 2014), U.S. Import and merchandise Price IndexesRetrieved from http//www.bls.gov/news.release/ximpim.nr0.htmBureau of Labor Statistics. (May 2014), Labor Force Statistics from the Current Population Survey Retrieved from http//data.bls.gov/timeseries/LNS14000000Conerly, Bill (2014) Economic Forecast 2014-2015 Looking Better With Help From crude oil And Gas Retrieved from http//www.forbes.com/sites/billconerly/2014/01/22/economic-forecast-2014-20 15-looking-better-with-help-from-oil-and-gas/Congressional Budget Office, (February 2014). The Budget and Economic Outlook 2014 to 2024 Retrieved from http//www.cbo.gov/publication/45010Kurtz, Annalyn, (April 2014). U.S. Economy Slows to Stall-SpeedRetrieved from http//money.cnn.com/2014/04/30/investing/gdp-economyMarthinsen, John E. (2007) Managing in a ball-shaped Economy Demystifying International Macroeconomics. Mason, OH Thomas SouthwesternMutikani, Lucia (March 2014). U.S. consumers lift spending, but sentiment slips. Retrieved from http//www.reuters.com/article/2014/03/28/us-usa-economy-idUSBREA2R0UB20140328The World Bank. (2013). Household final consumption expenditure, etc. (% of GDP)Retrieved from http//data.worldbank.org/indicator/NE.CON.PETC.ZSU.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis, (April 2014). National Income and Product Accounts Gross Domestic Product First Quarter 2014 (advance estimate). Retrieved from https//www.bea.gov/newsreleases/national/gdp/gdpnewsrelease.htm US T reasury Department Treasury Direct, (2014). Historical Debt Outstanding Annual 2000 2012 Retrieved from http//www.treasurydirect.gov/govt/reports/pd/histdebt/histdebt_histo5.htm

Animal Farm Comparison Essay Essay Example for Free

Animal Farm Comparison Essay EssaySnowball is a young, smart, good speaker, who is as well as idealistic. Leon Trotsky is the other leader of the October Revolution. Snowball truly wanted to make life split up for all while Leon Trotsky was a pure communist and followed Marx. Napoleon was not a good speaker or as clever as Snowball. Joseph Stalin was not a good speaker either and was not educated like Trotsky was. Napoleon was cruel, brutal, selfish, devious and corrupt, further Joseph Stalin was the lead same as Napoleon and did not follow Marxs ideas or orders. Squealer had a big mouth and would always talk a lot. He convinced the creatures to believe and follow Napoleon. The Propaganda department of Lenins government worked for Stalin to support his image and used any lie to convince the muckle to for Stalin. The dogs where used as a private army that was used as fear to force animals to work. They killed and intimidated any opponent of Napoleon. The KGB- Secret Police where not really police, but forced support for Stalin and used force to often kill entire families for disobedience.Mr. Jones is irresponsible to his animals and lets him starve kind of like Czar Nicholas II who was a little leader at best, who was also compared to western kings. Mr. Jones was also sometimes cruel and beat this with a whip while Czar Nicholas II was cruel and was also sometimes brutal with opponents. Old Major taught Animalism while Karl Marx had invented Communism. Again Old Majors workers do the work, the rich keep the money , and the animals revolt. Karl Marxs workers of the world unite and take over the government.Animalism has no receiveers, no rich, but no poor. Communism is exactly the same. With Animalism workers get a better life and all animals are equal. In Communism all people are also equal. Benjamin was an Old Wise Donkey who was always shady of Napoleon and thought Nothing ever changes. He was right. The skeptical people of Russisa and the outsi de world werent really sure the Revolution would change anything and know that a tyrant could call himself a Communist.The overall details of the revolution was designed to make life better for the animal and life ended up being far worse. It was supposed to fix the problems that existed under the Czars rule, but life was worse after the revolution than before, because Stalin had made the Czar look for like a nice guy. Moses the Raven would tell the animals about SurgarCandy mountain(Heaven) and how animals would go there if they worked hard. Marx said Opiate of the people was a lie and used to make people not complain and do their work instead of study religion.Mollie was vain and loved her beauty and herself. She also didnt think about the animal farm either. The vain people of Russia and the world had some people who didnt care about the Revolution but only thought about their own self interest. Boxer was a strong, hard working horse, and believed in the animal farm and always said Napoleon is always right. Dedicated, but tricked supporters of the revolution believed Stalin, because he was a Communist and many stayed loyal even after Stalin was revealed as a tyrant.

Understanding the context of the bible

Understanding the con text editionual matter of the countersignUnderstanding the context of the record bookIntroductionAlthough the bible is a superb fabrication-book, full of exciting tales strong told, But it is more than scarcely a collection of stories. Tthere is one big story told by the whole collection of individual stories. The centre of it is God, and all what he did in this humanness and for human race.1 The bible was pen by muckle in put in to be soundless by nation, but there be some(a) hindrances that makes unwieldy for it to be silent in its sure meaning,2 this is a demands when you interpret it you mustiness consider the importance of historical, geographic and ethnical context for good preaching? Because if you miss Gods meaning you argon no longer had? Gods word because you reserve to know what it says, understands what it mean, for this reason it must be interpreted in order to get a meaning, because this creates a gap in our understanding the o riginal meaning of scriptures. The only way to get everything right on it is to consider its historical, geographical and cultural context.3So in this probe we will side the land of the bible geographical constitute the argonna in which God chose uniquely to blab and act?4 Because Gods revelation touches specific times and emplacements. Geographically account begins in the so-called Ancient come East or the present-day centre of attention East.5 This essay will explain the importance of understanding the geographical context of the bible for effective preaching, because the purpose of preaching is for people to get the meaning of the bible. It is very untold beta to understand the bible passage in its historical context looking to the authors views. And place of composing also the reason for committal to writing who were the readers political stinting sociable religious legal ethically all will help in understanding the meaning of the passage, circumstance purpose and occ asion.Culture is what people count what they say, what they do, wear, eat make or bore with different customs would that cultural practice have the same significance immediately if not is there a timeless principle that could be practised today but in a different way? Geographical it is very important to consider that the bible was written in a different land in this way it will be easy to interpret it correctly. In stressing the necessity of determining the original meaning of the bible, John Chrysostom, also called the Golden Mouth He maintained that the bible is the infallible word of God and his exegesis was both spiritual and practical.6The sixty-six books of the elder and New volition are clear infallible revelation of Gods will and His salvation. The Bible is the treatment of God, and alone is the standard which all teaching and experience must be tested (2Tim. 315, 17 Ps. 119105 Prov. 305, 6 Isa. 820 John 1717 2Thess. 314 Heb. 412).1. Historical meaningThe historical c ontext provides us with the author, date, original audience, purpose, theme, and opposite important information about historical or background circumstance of the book, script is an authentic, reliable record of history and Gods acts in history. It provides the normative theological interpretation of those acts. The supernatural acts revealed in Scripture are historically true. For example, chapters 1-11 of Genesis are a factual account of historical events. The Antioch exegetes pose historical questions. They say the word in a passage of scripture must be understood and interpreted historically, that is, in terms of their ordinary meaning.7According to Augustine in Alexandrian and Antioch and methods, this means that to him each biblical text has literal (that is, historical) and figurative (that, is Spiritual) meaning. The most important thing, in short, in hermeneutical skill depends upon (1) ones knowing the bibles use of language properly and precisely, as well as distinguis hing and representing to oneself the historical circumstances of a biblical treatment (2) ones being able to speak today of these matters in such a way as the changed times and circumstances of our fellow human demand.81.1Interpret the bible in view of historicalIt is important that each and every verse or passage of scripture to be interpreted in its historical, in historical setting we consider firstly the authorWalter Kaiser, JR says Interpreters often can understand authors better than they understand themselves. The promise that this saying appears to hold is that there is a stratum of thought, an inside form of the work (Dilthey), which in the creative process bypassed the authors consciousness, but is now left for the interpreter to uncoer.9 But for Schleiermacher, his technical and psychological interpretation (Ernestis subtilitas explicandi) involved the excess step of personally assimilating the subject by determining or attempting to reconstruct the mental process of th e author-an altogether impossible task.We notice three divisions of the bible as well as in the New Testament is that in each case there are a number of distant of learning in the formation of the Scriptures. There is original historical event in which the revelation is attested to or spoken of, then a period viva voce tradition, a period of fragmentary accounts, and finally books and collections of books as we have them today. Thus the meaning of a text always goes beyond what its author delegateed, and the true ace is an unending process which is never exhausted or captured by an infinite line of interpreters So, as we read the bible, we need to keep asking ourselves what did the author intend to convey by this?What is he actually asserting? What will his original hearers have understood him to have meant? As we attempt to transport ourselves back into the authors object and times, and to listen to his words as if we were among his first readers, we shall need particularly to consider the situation, the style and the language in which 101.1.1 The date of writingIf we are to understand the text it is important to know the times in which he wrote. On the other side to know something of the conditions in which these books were written is to better understand the text itself.11 A list of significant biblical dates to provide a framework for the flow of biblical History, The Patriarchal Era (1800-1290), Exodus and the Period of the Judges (1290-1050), Early Israelite Monarchy (1050-750), Assyrian controller (750-640 BC), The Rise of Babylon and Exile (640-538), the Persian Period and Return (538-323), the Greek Wars/Maccabean Period (323-63), the Rise of Rome (63-3)Chart of the reigns of kings of the United Monarchy and the Divided Kingdoms of Israel and Judah to the fall of Jerusalem (1050 586 BC), colours coded to head good and bad kings, as well as those deposed or assassinated.121.1.2 Place of writingIts context in scripture is the place where it is f ound. So each text must be understood both its historical and its scriptural background. Like the first testimony to the revelation of God was often given long before the written document this where Jacob called the place where God appear to him Bethel13 Gen2817)1.1.3 Reason for writingWho wrote it and to whom? In what circumstances, for what reason it is the situation in which it was written.1.1.4 ReadersAlthough it was given to those who lived in an antiquated Near Eastern/Mediterranean context, the Bible transcends its cultural backgrounds to serve as Gods Word for all cultural, racial, and situational contexts in all ages.141.1.5 PoliticalThe bible gives relationly dinky direction on specific political and legal models. As a result Christianity is (or should be) politically non-partisan in the sense that no particular political system or school of thought can be truly defined as biblical or Christian. The bibles focus is on the ethical and spiritual relationships which info rm the individuals of any given society.15 and then individual Christians are free to choose and endorse political and legal systems (or parts of) which promote justice and good governance, so that people everywhere have their God-given dignity respected. As part of these two key political outcomes should be of special interest to ChristiansFirst, (1 Tim 2) calls Christians to pray for (and support) government which allows people to hear the good news show about Jesus Christ I urge, then, first of all, that requests, prayers, intercession and thanks adult be do for everyone 2for kings and all those in authority, that we may live peaceful and quietness lives in all godliness and holiness. This is good, and pleases God our Saviour, who wants all men to be saved and to come to knowledge of the truth.Second, while love of neighbour is a world-wide command (Matt 2237-40 Luke 1025-37 Rom 138-10) the bible has particular concern for the needy and marginalized. Neglect of these groups is frequently a reason for Gods judgment upon the ancient nation of Israel. For antecedent the prophet Zechariah delivered this message of condemnation Thus says the Lord of hosts Render true judgments, show kindness and mercy to one other do not oppress the widow, the orphan, the alien, or the poor and do not devise evil in your hearts against one another 11 But they refused to listen 12 consequently great wrath came from the Lord of hosts. (Zechariah 79 -12)1.1.6 SocialWhat are the various reconstructions of the specific context to which your text is addressed or in which it has been written? (The story behind the text) What alternate reconstructions have been suggested? E.g., the different theories about capital of Minnesotas opponents in Galatians16 or, the identification of large parts of Deuteronomy with the scroll found in the Temple as described in 2 Kings. (Note Reconstructing a specific context is more difficult for the Pentateuch than for a prophetic book like Jeremia hor a letter of Paul where the specific situation is clearer.)1.1.7 ReligiousLike circumcision of the Jewish nation (Gen 3414-17, 22) and the term uncircumcised for the Gentiles Galm27-8 Col311. These are the historical religion of the bible that needs to be understood and interpreted in their context, so that the message of the bible will give a meaning to people.171.1.8 LegalAn eye for an eye, a tooth for a tooth (Exodus 2123-25)John 1910-11Do you refuse to speak to me? Pilate said. Dont you realize I have power either to free you or to crucify you? Jesus answered you would have no power over me if it were not given to you from above.The eye for an eye principle can be seen as a legal application of the golden rule (Matt 712) Do to others what you would have them do to you. Both principles assume that we humans are equal and should treat each other in an equal and fair manner.If we harm another fellow human we at the same time admit that according to the spirit of these principle s that others (i.e. the state governed by law) can do the If a woman has dialogue before marriage (Deut 2220-21).Same to us.For the Lord is a God of retribution he will repay in full. Jer 5156)1.1.9 EthicalMany of the major problems in our time have to do with morals. In public life we have witnessed a breakdown of ethical standards. What is right? What is wrong? If the Bible gives an faithful description of Moses views, then by modern standards some of his commands might amount to calls for murder, war crimes or slavery. For instance, according to Numbers 3115-18, he called for the massacre of boys and the immurement of female children to Israelite veterans of the Midian war (kill every male among the little ones, and kill every woman that hath known man by lying with him.But all the little girls among the women, that have not known a man by lying with him, keep alive for you).It is important to note, however, that such ethical dilemmas can be cited without an comely understa nding of the historical context. In contrast, believers in the accuracy of the Bible can use assumptions to discourage geographic expedition. But religions opponents can also discourage further exploration by making debatable assumptions about a text, classifying the intent of the text as immoral, and thereby dismissing the text as unreliable. In the above example some readers may infer an implied equating between slavery under Mosaic Law and slavery as understood in the New World.The political context of rights (individual v the state) doesnt appear to capture the bibles emphasis on responsibility. Despite these limitations, human rights have proven an extremely useful way to protect the dignity, freedom and equality of individuals. Equality is sometimes controversial but the bible underlines the inherent equality of all people in several ways Every person is make in the image of God.18 (Gen 127) All are sinners and equally in need of redemption (Rom 319-26, esp. there is no dist inction) Hierarchies based on social rank, ethnic background and gender are counter to the gospel (Gal 328 James 21-10) In fact, God frequently favours people who are regarded as lesser in the eyes of people But the LORD said to Samuel, Do not look on his appearance or on the height of his stature, because I have rejected him for the LORD does not see as mortals see they look on the outward appearance, but the LORD looks on the heart. (1 Samuel 167)2. GeographicalThe bible was written in a different land, it is impossible to understand the meaning of the bible without some knowledge of its geographical setting, and the story of the bible touches specific times and places. Geographically, the account begins in the so-called Ancient Near East or present-day Middle East. It includes the area known today as Iraq, Iran, Turkey, Jordan, Israel, Saudi Arabia, and Egypt.19 It is important to understand that the whole bible takes place in a rough rectangle of land five hundred miles from nor th to southbound and one thousand miles from east to west. Yet the very mention of geography especially bible geography, is enough to switch some people off.Some people who have no taste for geography if the bible gives a list o Kings of Israel and Judah in their chronological order. May ask rather impatiently why God did not reveal himself in a rather remote geographical context, so that we have to bark to understand the context, so that we have to struggle before we can grasp the revelation?20 God want to deal with us in our situation of time and place, as he dealt with the biblical characters in theirs. To understand his ways, we must understand this, we must know something of both where and when it all happened thats the importance of understanding and interpreting the bible in its geographical context, we must be able to visualise it. lease the land of the bible including terrain, topography, weather, transportation, distance, cities, and agriculture, the land of the bible wa s passing with mountains, desert and seas, rivers, plains and coastline, Luke 1030-37Jesus story of a good Samaritan this road made travellers to be vulnerable to robbers they could easily hide in the rocky place we see the valuable geographical context for the meaning of the story, preaching or giving the meaning of the passage it needs an understanding of the context in which the authors was writing on.Geographical contextConsider the land of the bible including terrain, topography, weather, transportation, distance, cities, and agriculture, the land of the bible was highly with mountains, desert and seas, rivers, plains and coastline, Luke 1030-37) Jesus story of a good Samaritan this road made travellers to be vulnerable to robbers they could easily hide in the rocky place we see the valuable geographical context for the meaning of the story, preaching or giving the meaning of the passage it needs an understanding of the context in which the authors was writing on.3. Cultural s ettingsIt is very important that the bible to be interpretation including its cultural institutions and terms, and to make them into normative teaching on a par with any other in- junction of Scripture. Consider the culture in which author lived in order to understand what he meant. Culture is valuable only if the culture is in the passage. For instance Jesus confabulation with the woman in the well is culturally significant because the bible says Jews had no dealings with Samaritans John 49) Contrast of ancient tribal cultures concern with community and common ways of thinking with modern individualism, and its implications for understanding Scripture. A paper dealing with the Israelite appropriation of metaphors, symbols, and conceptual categories from the pool of ancient Middle Eastern culture, noting both the similarities and differences, and the implications both for understanding the OT, as well as for addressing the modern conflict of science and religion, to further compli cate things, the original authors, while writing under the inspiration of the Holy Spirit, wrote in their own personal style using illustrations relating to their particular culture and history. Distinguishing between Scripture that is cultural relative and that which is relative for all times can sometimes be very difficult.21 Theres not enough space here to deal with it adequately, but generally, to find the timeless principles, look to the Bibles core message (those messages that stay consistent across many cultures), the inherently moral or immoral items, and the items that are expressly accepted or require (those which the Scriptures merely acknowledge).Guidelines for determining whether a passage is culturally bound or applicable today What was the purpose of the cultural practice or teaching?Would that cultural practice have the same significance today but in a different way? Assume every teaching or practice of scripture is applicable today unless-but Mark 218-21 every cult ural practice and tradition must be measured against the teaching of Gods word. Culture is what people believe say do wear eat make practice and how they think or process information22. Since God revelation was given in particular cultural setting and the social customs which from the background of some biblical instruction are entirely foreign to those of our day. Are we then rejecting the teachings because are culturally dated? It is better to accept the biblical instruction itself as permanently binding, but to translate it into contemporary cultural terms.John Stott mentions one of the more difficult examples which caused a tension between the permanently valid and culturally dated concerns the status, behaviour and dress of women. More especially when Paul addresses the church in Corinth the netting of women, head covering when prophesying, here Stott says we must find other social customs which express a womans acceptance of the authority which God has given to man.23 Consider the culture in which the author lived in order to understand what he meant. Culture is valuable only if the culture is in the passage. For instance Jesus conversation with the woman in the well is culturally significant because the bible says Jews had no dealings with Samaritans John 49).Contrast of ancient tribal cultures concern with community and communal ways of thinking with modern individualism, and its implications for understanding Scripture.ConclusionThis essay describes the bible as superb story-book, full of exciting tales well told. It shows it as more than just a collection of stories but what is centred one big story which told by the whole collection of individual stories. The centre of it is God, and all what he did in this world and for human race.Since God revelation was given in particular cultural setting and the social customs which from the background of some biblical instruction are entirely foreign to those of our dayBibliographyBurden, J.J., E.E, Deist., Bi blical Studies (Honours) Biblical exhibition (South Africa University of Pretoria, 1992)Kaiser. Walter Jr., Toward An Exegetical Theology (Michigan Baker book house, 1987)Stott, R.W John., Understanding The Bible (London Scripture union, 1973)Schroeder, David., Learning to accredit the Bible (Pennsylvania Faith and life press, 1967)Towns, R.L Elmer., Bible Answers for almost all your questions (Nashville Thomas Nelson, Inc, 2003)William, H.Green., General Introduction to the Old Testament (Michigan Baker book House, 1980)Gorder, P.R., The Old Testament Present (Michigan Radio Bible Class 1982)Kaiser, Otto., Introduction to the Old Testament (Great Britain , 1973)Drane,John., Introduction the Old Testament (England Lion Publishing, 1987)Dyer, Charles., Eugene, Merrill., Old Testament assess (Nashville Word Publishing,2001)Purkiser, W.T Exploing The Old Testament (Kansas City Beacon Hill Press of Kansas City, 1940)John Macquarrie., James Childress., A New Dictionary of Christian Et hics(LondonSCM,1993)Harris, Marvin., Cultural Anthropology (New York Harper Row, Publishers,1987)1 Alexandra,Pat,.David Alexandra .,Zondervan vade mecum To The Bible(Michigan Lion publishing,1999),p.182 Burden, Deist., Biblical Studies (Honours) Biblical Exposition,p.33 Burden, Deist., Biblical Studies(Honours) Biblical exposition ,p.44 Stott., Understanding The Bible (London Scripture union,1973 ),p.355 Stott., Understanding The Bible (London Scripture union,1973 ),p.376 Burden, Deist., Biblical Studies(Honours) Biblical exposition (South Africa University of Pretoria,1992),p.47 Burden., Deist., Biblical studies (Honours) Biblical exposition,p.38 Walter,C.Kaiser Jr., Toward An Exegetical Theology (Michigan Baker book house,1987) ,p.279 Kaiser Jr., Toward An Exegetical Theology,p.3510 John, R.W, Stott., Understanding The Bible,p.22511 David, Schroeder., Learning To Know The Bible (Pennsylvania Faith and life press, 1967),p.8412 American academy of Religion,195513 David, Schroede r., Learning To Know The Bible,p.3915John,Macquarrie., James Childress., A New Dictionary of Christian Ethics(LondonSCM,1993),p.48416William, Hendriksen., Galatians Ephesians(EdinbuburghThe banner of truth,1999),P.2217 Elmer, R. L. Towns., Bible Answers for almost all your questions (Nashville Thomas Nelson, inc,2003),p.818 Dyer, Charles., Eugene, Merrill., Old Testament Survey (Nashville Word Publishing,2001) ,p.719 David, Schroeder., Learning To Know The Bible (Pennsylvania Faith and life press, 1967),p.1720 John, R.W, Stott., Understanding The Bible,p.3321 Harris, Marvin., Cultural Anthropolog ( New York Harper Row,Publishers,1987),P.4622 Harris, Marvin., Cultural Anthropology,P.4723 John, R.W, Stott., Understanding The Bible (London Scripture union,1973 ),p,229

Effect of Synthesis Temperature on Nickel-Cobalt Hydroxides

Effect of price reduction Temperature on Nickel-Cobalt HydroxidesEffect of synthesis temperature on the sound structure and pseudocapacitive appearance of Nickel-Cobalt layered double hydroxidesLi-Ming Lua, Shan-Shan Xua, Rui-Qi Fenga, Zhan-Bing He b, Tie-Zhen Rena* and Teresa J. Bandoszca School of Chemical Engineering, Hebei University of engine room, Tianjin 300130 mainland Chinab State Key Laboratory for Advanced Metals and Materials, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, Chinac Department of Chemistry and BiochemistryThe City college of New York, 160 Convent Ave., New York, NY 10031.* Corresponding author. Tel. +86 22 60204909. EmailemailprotectedAbstract A facile one-step mode for preparing nickel/cobalt layered double hydroxides (Ni/Co LDH) in a mixture of NH4Cl/NaOH solutions in the temperature range 45-85 oC is introduced. Ni/Co LDH consists of ultra switch off nanosheets of various thicknesses assembled into porous nanostructures/microspheres. T he mixed solution provides OH, whose amount depends on the temperature, for reactions with Ni2+/Co2+ leading to the formation of hydroxides. The standard prep atomic number 18d at 70 C presents the lavishlyest content of 1142 F g-1 at a period tautness of 0.5 A g-1.That capacitance decreases about 15 % to 970 F g-1 at a high current tautness of 10 A g-1. The temperature effect on the scheme of microsphere is appargonnt and Ni/Co LDH prepared at 70 oC has the most defectless texture (microspheres). The asymmetric supercapacitor consisting of this judge as an anode and an activated carbon (AC) as a cathode works in a broad potential window from 0 to 1.6 V. The energy slow-wittedness of the Ni/Co of such a system reaches 58.13 Wh kg-1 at the violence density of 160 W kg-1 owing to the intersectional nanosheets and unrestricted accessibility of electrolyte to the reaction centers. Even at a high discharge current density of 2 A g-1, the energy density still form at 45.78 W h kg-1 with a situation density of 1600 W kg-1.Keywords mild temperature, layered double hydroxides, energy density, asymmetric supercapacitors.1. Introduction Nowadays, the development of efficient supercapacitors with high energy density is of paramount importance 1, 2. Generally, supercapacitors poop be classified into electrochemical double layer capacitors and pseudocapacitors 3. In theory, pseudocapacitors exhibit a higher capacitance and energy density than the double layer capacitors. The last mentioned stores electrical charge mainly at the electrode/electrolyte interface. However, the energy stored in supercapacitors is about 10 times smaller than that in batteries. This severely limits their applications where a high power density is required 4. Therefore, there is a need to develop and to explore the advanced performance electrode materials for their applications in energy storage devices.Layered double hydroxides (LDH), specially Ni/Co LDH compounds, are considered as materials of brilliant properties when applied in supercapacitors 5-7. In their structure Co2+ gouge be oxidized to conductive CoOOH during redox reactions resulting in the improvement in conductivity of electrode materials 5. For instance, Ni/Co LDHs hollow microspheres obtained in SiO2 templates exhibited the specific capacitance of 2171 F g-1 at the current density of 1 A g-1 6. Another examples are ultrathin NiCo-based LDH prepared at 120 C, which displayed remarkable specific capacitance of 1537 F g-1 at 0.5 A g-1 5. It is important to mention that Ni/Co LDH referred as hydrotalcite-like compounds allow the intercalation of negatively charged anions within the interlayer space 7, 8. This is expect to enhance the capacitive performance. Thus Lee et al. synthesized -Ni(OH)2 th pettish interchange of intercalated dodecyl sulfate anions by smaller anions (Cl, NO3, OAc and SO42-). They found that large anions hindered the mobility of OH ions toward the surface of Ni(OH)2 she ets and Cl intercalated Ni(OH)2 exhibited excellent capacitance. Especially, the Cl ions located in the interlayer space were found as step-up its hydration level and thus enhanced the facile exchange and transport of OH ions 9. Hu et al. reported the effect of intercalated anions on the size of an interlayer spacing, morphologies, and capacitive performance of four different -cobalt hydroxides. Their results showed the Cl intercalated sample as the one of the marked capacitance. The good performance was united to its high proton affinity 10.In this work, we introduce a wet chemical fire to prepare Cl intercalated Ni/Co LDH. The synthesis is done below 85C, which is the lower temperature than those reported in other hydrothermal methods 11, 12. In designing the method, it was expected that OH ions from the solution of NH4Cl/NaOH will reacts with Ni2+/Co2+ to generate Ni/Co LDH. An important aspect is that the amount of the released OH ions should be affected by the temperature. T hus the synthesis temperature is a factor, which we expect to govern the nanosheets assembling process and thus the final morphology of the materials. The effect of that morphology on capacitive behavior is investigated.2. Experimental 2.1 Preparation of Ni/Co-LDH microspheres exclusively reagents were of analytical grade and were utilize without further purification. In a common synthesis process, 3.75 mmol of Co(NO3)26 pee and 3.75 mol of Ni(NO3)2 6H2O were dissolved in 20 ml of pee to form a pink solution (Solution A). 40 mmol of NH4Cl was added in 0.076 mol L-1 NaOH (180 mL) to form a transparent solution (Solution B) Then, the solution A was poured into 180 ml of the solution B with the final pH value of 9, in which the metal hydroxide mixtures were obtained. After stirring for 5 minutes, the solution was sealed in a glass bottle and transferred into an oven kept at a predetermined temperature (40, 55, 70 and 85 C) for 15h. After cooled at room temperature, the obtained Ni/C o-LDH samples were washed with ethanol and weewee several times and dried in an oven at 60 C for 12 h. The samples are referred to as Ni/Co LDH-x (x represents the reaction temperature of either 40, 55, 70 or 85 C).2.2 Characterization methodsX-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns were measured on a Bruker D8 Advance diffractometer operated at 40 kV and 40 mA, Cu K shaft source ( 0.154 nm) was used. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) experiments were carried out on Bruker Vector 22 infrared spectroscopy in the range of 400 to 4000 cm-1with KBr tablets. Scanning negatron microscopy studies (SEM) were performed on JSM-6490LV field emission scanning electron microscope. The sample was dispersed on the conductive tape fixed on the aluminum support. Transmission electron microscope (TEM) analysis was performed on a FEI Tecnai G20 microscope at 200 keV. The elemental analysis of as-prepared powder carried out using X-ray fluorescence spectrometer (XRF, CIT-3000SL).2.3 Electroche mical testsTo evaluate the electrochemical performance of the synthesized materials, thee Ni/Co LDH samples were mixed with acetylene black and polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) in a lot ratio of 75205. Homogeneous pastes obtained in ethanol were coated on a nickel spark substrate. The coated nickel foam was then pressed at 10 MPa and the obtained plate was used as a working electrode after dried at 60 C for 12 h. The cyclic voltammetry (CV), galvanostatic charge-discharge (GCD) and electrochemical impedance (EIS) of the as-obtained samples were carried out on a IM6 ZENNIUM electrochemical workstation in a three-electrode cell. The mass of working electrode was about 8 mg. The capacitance was measured in 6M KOH electrolyte using a platinum wire as a counter electrode and Ag/AgCl as a reference electrode. EIS tests were conducted in a frequency range from 100 kHz to 10 mHz with alter current oscillation of 5 mV. The electrochemical performance of an asymmetric supercapacitor was inv estigated in a two-electrode cell of coin-type (CR2025), in which the prepared materials were used as a corroborative electrode and activated carbon- as a negative electrode. The experiments were carried out on the Land-CT2001A battery system in the potential range from 0 to 1.6 V.3. Results and Discussion3.1. Characterization of materialsThe typical powder X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns provide the information on the degree of crystallinity and the crystal structure of the Ni/Co LDH materials (Figure 1a) The distinct singularity diffraction peaks on XRD patterns at 2 11.1, 22.2, 33.4 and 38.5 are indexed as (003), (006), (009) and (015) plane reflections of the hydrotalcite-like LDH phase, respectively 11, 13. Increasing the reaction temperature leads to a slight increase in the intensity of the diffraction peaks. According to the Bragg equation, the calculated interlayer space of Ni/Co LDH is 0.79 nm. Ma et al. reported that the layered transitional metal hydroxides nanocones displayed a variety of interlayer space sizes depending on the kind of intercalated ions 12. The values were 0.8 nm for NO3, 0.92 nm for ClO4, and 0.79 nm for Cl. Our results suggest that Cl ions are present in the interlayer space of the synthesized -phase compounds.FT-IR spectra of all samples are presented in Figure 1b. The broad band at about 3449 cm-1 is characteristic of the stretching vibration of hydroxyl groups hydrogen-bond to H2O 1. The band at about 1630 cm-1 represents the bending mode of water molecules 10. For all samples, three bands at 1476, 1349 and 854 cm-1 are linked to the typical features of carbonate ions 14. Their presence is linked to the reactivity of hydroxides with atmospheric CO2. Bands below 800 cm-1represent stretching modes of metal-oxygen in the hydrotalcite-like lattice 1. The band at about 649 cm-1 is assigned to Ni-OH bending. The tightness band at around 514 cm-1 represents the Co-O stretching vibrations 15. The results indicate that the synthes ized materials are nickel and cobalt layered double hydroxides.Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to analyze the morphologies of the obtained Ni/Co LDH materials prepared at different temperatures. Figure 2a shows a typical SEM image of Ni/Co LDH-40. There microspheres with a size around 3 m and a small amount of aggregated nanosheets is visible (Fig. 2a inset). The micro-spherical soupcons consist of numerous interconnected nanosheets with thickness of about 30 nm. The morphology of Ni/Co LDH-55 presented in Figure 2b resembles that of Ni/Co LDH-40. The nanosheets with thickness around 20 nm are gathered in 3-D arrangements (Fig. 2b inset). When the reaction temperature increases to 70 C, the microspheres of sample Ni/Co LDH-70 become well defined,defectless and uniform (Fig. 2c). Their size distribution is narrow with maximum at 3 m. The detailed features of Ni/Co LDH-70 are shown in the Figure 2c (inset) where high-quality 3D flower-like microspheres are visible. The th ickness of the nanosheets is about 15 nm. When the Ni/Co LDH material was prepared at 85 C, the microspheres are not well-defined and some debris are visible (Fig. 2d). The spherical particles have a loose structure and some collapsed nanosheets overlay each other to take in larger sheets. Enlargement of the flower-like microsphere indicates that the nanosheets are interconnected and well-organized in three dimension (Fig. 2d inset). The thickness of nanosheets increases slightly when the temperature increases from 70 C to 85 C. In position to confirm the defectless microsphere/nanosheet morphology of Ni/Co LDH-70 sample, its internal structure has been further investigated by TEM. Figure 3a shows that the microsphere is assembled from nanosheets and the diameter of the microsphere is around 3 m. The internal structure of microsphere is vast and the nanosheets are the aggregates of even thinner layers. X-ray fluorescence (XRF) spectra were recorded for all samples. On the spectra , three marked peaks at 6.93, 7.48 and 8.26 KeV are identified as Co K, Ni K and Ni K, respectively. This supports the co-existence of Ni and Co elements in all samples. Moreover, a peak at about 2.62 KeV is assigned as Cl K, which originates from the interlayer anion Cl. It is interesting that the Ni/Co ratio of the as-obtained samples increased gradually with an increase in the temperature. This may be linked to the differences to the solubility constants of hydroxides (Ksp(Co(OH)2)Ksp(Ni(OH)2)) and to the effect of temperature on that solubility 11. The results obtained suggest that the reaction temperature plays a crucial role in the formation of microspheres. The nucleation of Co(OH)2/Ni(OH)2 took places upon the addition of metal ions to the NH4Cl/NaOH solution. In such a system the amour of OH in the formation of metal hydroxides competes with the formation of ammonia (NH4Cl+ NaOH NH4+ + OH + NaCl NH3 + H2O, Co2+ + OH Co(OH)2, Ni2++ OH Ni(OH)2). This affects the amount of OH reacting with metal ions. The size of nanosheets/hydroxide units increases with an increasing temperature owing to more energy provided to the system. This leads to a gradual increase in the sizes of microspheres built of these nanosheets. Even though the temperature range of the alkaline solution was not very broad and between 40 and 85 C, 70 C was found as the only temperature resulting in the uniform and defectless microspheres. Lower temperature of the system has an adverse effect on the formation of microspheres, likely cod to the thicker nanosheets than those formed at 70 oC. On the other hand, higher temperature likely leads to collapsing of the formed microspheres 16.3.2 Electrochemical testsTo evaluate the electrochemical performance of the synthesized materials, the cycling voltammetry (CV) slides were measured for Ni/Co LDH materials at a scan rate of 5 mv s-1 in 6M KOH aqueous solution (Fig. 4a). It is clearly seen that all curves exhibit a duet of redox peaks. An a nodic peak is around 0.45 V and a cathodic peak- at about 0.2 V. They represent typical features of Faradaic pseudocapacitance representing the following reactions 6, 17.Ni(OH)2 + OH NiOOH +H2O +e- (1)Co(OH)2 + OH CoOOH+H2O+e- (2)CoOOH+OH CoO2+H2O+e- (3)The requires of the CV curves indicate that Ni/Co LDH-70 has the highest specific capacitance 18.To further investigate the capacitive behavior of our electroactive materials, the galvanostatic charge-discharge (GCD) measurements were performed in a three-electrode system and the specific capacitance (Cs) was calculated from the following equation (4)(4)Where I is a constant discharge current (A), t is discharge time (s), V is the potential difference, m is the mass of active material.The GCD measurements in a potential window of 0-0.5 V are recorded at a current density of 1 A g-1 (Fig. 4b). The results show that the discharge time of Ni/Co LDH-70 is much longer than those of other electrodes. Based on the GCD curves, the specif ic capacitance was calculated. The values are 777, 608, 114,2 and 1017 F g-1 for Ni/Co LDH-40, Ni/Co LDH-55, Ni/Co LDH-70, and Ni/Co LDH-85, respectively. Wang et al. 19 prepared Ni/Co nanoplates using a surfactant assisted method. The rough nanoplates of an increased surface area displayed the specific capacitance of 311 F g-1, which was 2.3 times higher than that of smooth-surfaced Ni/Co nanoplates. It was concluded that creating more interspaces or a larger area can improve an electrochemical performance 19, 20. Amongst our samples, Ni/Co LDH-70 with three dimensional defectless microspheres exhibits the highest capacitance. This texture promotes the electrolyte access to the more active centers than those available to electrolyte in more defected microspheres of the samples synthesized at other temperatures.Since Ni/Co LDH-70 exhibits the best performance, its CV curves were measured at the scan rates 5, 10, 20, 50 and 100 mV s-1 (Figure 4c). The shape of the CV curves remains a lmost unchanged with an increase in the scan rate, suggesting a quick CV response with fast potential sweep and promising capability for energy storage 21. In addition, all CV curves present a well-defined reduction and oxidation peaks with a slight shift in both(prenominal) cathodic and anodic peak potentials with an increasing scan rate. This suggests that an ion diffusion rate limits the redox reaction 22.GCD curves of Ni/Co LDH-70 at different current densities (Fig.4d) show two visible voltage plateaus in the charge and discharge parts of the plots. More importantly, the GCD curves of Ni/Co LDH-70 are highly symmetrical at various current densities, indicating fast and good electrochemical reversibility of the Faradaic redox reactions. The capacitance of Ni/Co LDH-70 calculated from the GCD curves at the current densities of 0.5, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8 and 10 A g-1are 1142, 1130, 1098, 1081, 1053, 994, and 970 F g-1, respectively. The capacitance values gradually decrease with increasi ng current densities from 0.5 to 10 A g-1, owing to the fast electron transfer 23. Ni/Co LDH-40, Ni/Co LDH-55 and Ni/Co LDH-85 exhibit the capacitance of 777, 608 and 1017 F g-1, respectively. It is important to mention that the specific capacitance of Ni/Co LDH-70 is 970 F g-1 at a high current density of 10 A g-1, and it consists of 84.9% of that at 0.5 A g-1. For Ni/Co LDH-40, Ni/Co LDH-55 and Ni/Co LDH-85, the synonymic values are at 610, 392 and 812 F g-1 representing the capacitance retentions of 78.5%, 64.5% and 79.8%, respectively. Such differences in the electrochemical performance can be explained by the morphology differences between the samples. As discussed above, the Ni/Co LDH-70 sample consists of uniform three dimensional microspheres built of nanosheets with the interspaces between them. These spaces increase the electrolyte access to the surface of the active materials. Thus the interconnected thin nonosheets in defectless microspheres provide more active sites fo r reactions with the electrons, which leads to the high capacitance 24, 25.Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) measurement is one of the fundamental methods to examine the electrochemical behavior of electrode materials. The Nyquist plots for the Ni/Co LDH materials in a frequency range of 100 kHz to10 mHz are displayed in Figure 5a. All the impedance spectra of the Ni-Co LDH materials are very similar to each other with a small semicircle at high-frequency and an inclined line at low-frequency 26. The point intersecting with the real axis vertebra (Z) at the high frequency represents the internal subway system, which includes the total resistances of intrinsic resistance of active materials, electrolyte resistance. and the contact resistance at electrolyte/electrode interface (Fig. 5a inset) 27. This value is almost the akin for all electrodes. The semicircle at the high frequency corresponds to the charge transfer resistance (Rct) 28. At low frequencies, the liner part shows the Warburg impedance resulting from the ion diffusion resistance of the electrolyte in the active material 21. Ni/Co LDH-70 exhibits the smallest semicircle diameter, which suggests the minimum charge transfer resistance and maximal electrochemical conductivity. The straight line at low frequencies range is close to Z axis. This suggests that the capacitive performance is not only related to the diffusion process but double layer can also form 21, 29. The effective ions diffusion and electron transfer of the Ni/Co LDH-70 electrode can be linked to the well-organized three dimensional and defectless micropheres 30.For the evaluation of the feasibility of unimaginative application of our materials, we constructed the asymmetric supercapacitors with Ni/Co LDH-70 as a positive electrode and activated carbon (AC) as a negative electrode in 6 M KOH solution. The charge-discharge measurements of the Ni/Co LDH-70 were carried out at the current density range from 0.2 to 2 A g-1 wi th an operating potential from 0 to 1.6 V (Fig. 5b). All curves show the symmetric-like shape, indicating the high electrochemical reversibility of the process. In addition, Ni/Co LDH-70 displays a small voltage drop at the beginning of the discharge process due to the internal resistance 31. The values of specific capacitance of Ni/Co LDH-70 calculated from the galvanostatic charge -discharge curves are 163.5, 151, 137, 133 and 129 F g-1 at current densities of 0.2, 0.5, 1, 1.5 and 2 A g-1, respectively. And 78.7% of the capacitance is retained when the current density increases from 0.2 to 2 A g-1. For comparison, the specific capacitances of all supercapacitors tested are collected in Table 2. The supercapacitors of Ni/Co LDH-40, Ni/Co LDH-55 and Ni/Co LDH-85 show the specific capacitance of only 109, 86 and 150 F g-1 at 0.2 A g-1. They still wait 84, 62 and 117 F g-1 at 2 A g-1, respectively. The capacitances of Ni/Co LDH-40, Ni/Co LDH-55 and Ni/Co LDH-85 maintain at 77.2%, 72. 3% and 78.2%, respectively, when the current density increases from 0.2 to 2 A g-1.Based on those specific capacitance values, the energy and power densities of supercapacitors were further calculated ( and )32. Figure 5c shows that the energy densities decrease gradually with the increase in the power densities for all cells. At the same power density, the energy density of Ni/Co LDH-70 is much higher than those of other cells, which means that the Ni/Co LDH-70 cell has superior performance in terms of both energy and power density. The energy density of the Ni/Co LDH-70 is 58.13 Wh kg-1 at the power density of 160 W kg-1. Even at a high discharge current of 2 A g-1, the energy density still remains at 45.78 Wh kg-1 at a power density of 1600 W kg-1. Compared to other samples, the asymmetric supercapacitor of Ni/Co LDH-70 exhibits a significant improvement in both power density and energy density. This may be due to its broad potential window of 0-1.6 V and the high specific capaci tance. The well-defined three dimensional microspheres of Ni/Co LDH-70 lead to the excellent energy-power combination. The results are comparable with those reported in the literature 5, 6. For instance, Li et al. reported a new synthetic method for preparation of 16 nm-ultrathin NiCo-based layered double hydroxides (LDH) in an ethylene glycol solution. Their assembled asymmetric capacitor exhibited an energy density of 33.7 Wh kg-1 at power density of 551 W kg-1 with a 1.5 V operating voltage 5. Tang et al. synthesized nickel cobalt double hydroxide nanoflowers with various Ni/Co ratios using a transparent hydrothermal process at 120 C. Their asymmetric supercapcitor exhibited 19.4 Wh kg-1 at 80.5 W kg-1, and even 20.6 Wh kg-1 at 3.93 kW kg-1 6. Cycling stability is a prime factor for evaluating the practical performance of asymmetric supercapacitors. Figure 5d collects the capacity for 2000 cycles of charge-discharge measurements between 0 and 1.6 V at a current density of 1 A g- 1 in a two-electrode system. The capacitances of all Ni/Co LDH remains almost unchanged. With an increasing cycle number, the interfacial contact between the active material and a nickel foam may deteriorate, owing to the volume change of the active material during charge-discharge process. This might lead to a higher ohmic resistance of the asymmetric supercapacitors 33. The calculated capacitances from GCD curve retain about 84.7%, 88.4%, 92.2% and 91.5% of their original capacitances after 2000 cycles for Ni/Co LDH-40, Ni/Co LDH-55, Ni/Co LDH-70 and Ni/Co LDH-85, respectively. The asymmetric supercapacitor of the Ni/Co LDH-70 shows a better cycling stability than those reported for other supercapacitors consisting of Ni/Co hydroxides 5, 6.4. ConclusionsNi/Co LDH of diverse morphologies determined by different particle sizes and thicknesses of nanosheets have been successfully prepared at various reaction temperatures in NH4Cl/NaOH mixture. Apparently the temperate affects the amo unt of OH and the kinetic of its release. Both those factors govern the morphology of assemabled Ni/Co LDH. The synthesized materials showed differences in their electrochemical performance. The Ni/Co LDH-70 (prepared at 70C) consists of uniform, defectless and well-defined microspheres with diameters around 3 m. These 3-D microspheres are constructed from interconnected ultrathin nanosheets. Such an arrangement provides the space accessible to electrolyte and enables an efficient utilization of active centers. It also results in a high stability of the electrode upon cycling. Ni/Co LDH-70 shows the highest capacitance of 1142 F g-1 at a current density of 0.5 A g-1 and the value is still at 970 F g-1 at a high current density of 10A g-1, which is 84.9% of that at 0.5A g-1. The asymmetrical Ni/Co LDH-70 // activated carbon (AC) supercapacitor was tested in two-electrode system with a wide potential window of 0-1.6V. The results show that highest energy density of the Ni/Co LDH-70 re aching 58.13 Wh kg-1 at the power density of 160 W kg-1. Even at a high discharge current of 2 A g-1, the energy density still remains at 45.78 Wh kg-1 at a power density of 1600 W kg-1.AcknowledgementThis work was supported by China Scholar Council, the Scientific Research Foundation for the returned overseas Chinese Scholars, State Education Ministry and Hebei Provincial Key Lab of Green Chemical Technology spunky Efficient Energy Saving, School of Chemical Engineering Technology, Hebei University of Technology and Key Laboratory of Advanced Energy Materials Chemistry (Ministry of Education), Nankai University.References1 T. Yan, Z.J. Li, R.Y. Li, Q. Ning, H. Kong, Y.L. Niu, J.K. Liu, Nickel-cobalt double hydroxides microspheres with hollow interior and hedgehog-like out(prenominal) structures for supercapacitors, Journal of Materials Chemistry, 22 (2012) 23587-23592.2 H.N. Ma, J. He, D.B. Xiong, J.S. Wu, Q.Q. Li, V. Dravid, Y.F. Zhao, Nickel Cobalt Hydroxide Reduced Graphene O xide Hybrid Nanolayers for High Performance Asymmetric Supercapacitors with Remarkable Cycling Stability, Acs Applied Materials Interfaces, 8 (2016) 1992-2000.3 W.P. Sun, X.H. Rui, M. Ulaganathan, S. Madhavi, Q.Y. Yan, Few-layered Ni(OH)(2) nanosheets for superior supercapacitors, Journal of Power Sources, 295 (2015) 323-328.4 T. Yan, H.Y. Zhu, R.Y. Li, Z.J. Li, J.K. Liu, G.L. Wang, Z.Q. Gu, Microwave synthesis of nickel/cobalt double hydroxide ultrathin flowerclusters with three-dimensional structures for high-performance supercapacitors, Electrochimica Acta, 111 (2013) 71-79.5 R. Li, Z. Hu, X. Shao, P. Cheng, S. Li, W. Yu, W. Lin, D. Yuan, Large Scale Synthesis of NiCo Layered take over Hydroxides for Superior Asymmetric Electrochemical Capacitor, Scitific Report, 6 (2016) 18737.6 Y. Tang, Y. Liu, S. Yu, W. Guo, S. Mu, H. Wang, Y. Zhao, L. Hou, Y. Fan, F. Gao, Template-free hydrothermal synthesis of nickel cobalt hydroxide nanoflowers with high performance for asymmetric superc apacitor, Electrochimica Acta, 161 (2015) 279-289.7 B. Mavis, M. Akinc, Three-component layer double hydroxides by urea precipitation structural stability and electrochemistry, Journal of Power Sources, 134 (2004) 308-317.8 T. Hibino, H. Ohya, Synthesis of crystalline layered double hydroxides Precipitation by using urea hydrolysis and subsequent hydrothermal reactions in aqueous solutions, Applied Clay Science 45 (2009) 123-132.9 J.W. Lee, J.M. Ko, J.-D. Kim, Hierarchical Microspheres Based on alpha-Ni(OH)2 Nanosheets Intercalated with Different Anions Synthesis, Anion Exchange, and Effect of Intercalated Anions on Electrochemical Capacitance, J Phys Chem C, 115 (2011) 19445-19454.10 Z.A. Hu, Y.L. Xie, Y.X. Wang, L.J. Xie, G.R. Fu, X.Q. Jin, Z.Y. Zhang, Y.Y. Yang, H.Y. Wu, Synthesis of alpha-Cobalt Hydroxides with Different Intercalated Anions and Effects of Intercalated Anions on Their Morphology, Basal Plane Spacing, and Capacitive Property, J Phys Chem C, 113 (2009) 12502-12508 .11 H. Chen, L. Hu, M. Chen, Y. Yan, L. Wu, Nickel- Cobalt Layered Double Hydroxide Nanosheets for High- performance Supercapacitor Electrode Materials, Advanced Functional Materials, 24 (2014) 934-942.12 X. Liu, R. Ma, Y. Bando, T. Sasaki, A General Strategy to Layered Transition-Metal Hydroxide Nanocones Tuning the Composition for High Electrochemical Performance, Advanced Materials, 24 (2012) 2148-2153.13 J. Huang, T. Lei, X. Wei, X. Liu, T. Liu, D. Cao, J. Yin, G. Wang, Effect of Al-doped beta-Ni(OH)(2) nanosheets on electrochemical behaviors for high performance supercapacitor application, Journal of Power Sources, 232 (2013) 370-375.14 M. Li, K.Y. Ma, J.P. Cheng, D.H. Lv, X.B. Zhang, Nickel-cobalt hydroxide nanoflakes conformal coating on carbon nanotubes as a supercapacitiv

The Effect Of Temperature On Permeable Membranes Biology Essay

The Effect Of Temperature On Permeable Membranes Biology EssayThe aim of this examine was to determine what effect an increase in the surrounding temperature has on the selectively pervious membranes of plant cells, e.g., rosy-cheeked come up (Lane, 2010a).The cell membrane is the fluid-mosaic model. The proteins are embedded in the cell membrane. The lipid exists as a phospholipid bilayer form. The hydrophobic which fuddled wet hating portions of the lipid molecule face the inside while the hydrophilic which mean piss loving parts face either the cytoplasm or extracellular aqueous environment. The protein molecules are of two types in the membrane. Internal proteins are embedded in the phospholipid bilayer which enhance the membranes check, providing passageways for the movement of substances through the membrane while the fringy proteins are attach to the surface of membrane and are easier to extract (Losos, Manson and Singer, 2008) The purpose of a cell membrane is to con trols what enters and exits the cell. It acts as a selective barrier among the internal and external fluid that means the cell membrane to be selectively permeable. This process supplies the cell with useful bodily and removes waste products. Normally, this is done by active or passive transportation. The passive transportation allows substances to move from elevated concentration to low concentration without energy required. The active transportation carries substances such as ions and glucose from low concentration to the high concentration, requiring energy and a carrier to support (Losos, Manson and Singer, 2008). jut 2 (Adapted from Garland, 2004) shows the process of transportation through the cell membraneFigure 2 Transportation through the Membrane (Adapted from Garland, 2004)Certain conditions can damage the cell membrane. For instance, high temperature leads to violent collisions that can destroy a membrane. There is a hypothesis that an increase in temperature denature s the membrane and causes the substances within the membrane to leak out (Answers, 2010). The high temperature can make the cell membrane more permeable and allow it to be more prone to leakage.Red pillages are used as a model to investigate how the temperature affects the selectively permeable membranes. Red cabbages inhibit a large mount of a water-soluble red blusher called anthocyanin, which is located in the vacuole and unable to pass through the tonoplast membrane. If these cells are affected by changes in temperature, the integrity of the cell membrane becomes damaged. As a resolving power, anthocyanin which as antioxiants and protects cell from oxidative damage can leak out of the cells and into the surrounding water. The finis of damage to the cell membrane is directly associated to the intensity of red color and it would appear in the water surrounding the red cabbage (Manhattan, 2009).Methodframe-up7 test tubesTest tube rackCork borerScalpelTileSmall beakerMounted g oadLarge beakerThermometerBurner(Lane, 2010b)Firstly, a leaf of red cabbage tissues was cut into 42 discs of the same size (approximately 1mm wide) by a cork borer. 42 red cabbage discs were placed in a petty beaker and were washed. 7 test tubes were labelled 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80 and 100. The first two test tubes which labelled 30, 40 and approximately 6 cm3 cold water was added using a measuring cylinder. The remaining test tubes had 6 cm3 cold water added to for each one. Meanwhile, a water bath was prepared using a large beaker, tripod and gauze. The 7 test tubes with 6 cm3 water were heated in the water bath. A thermometer was placed into each test tube to measure the temperature. 6 red cabbage discs were impaled on a mounted needle with space between each disc. When the water inside the test tube labelled 30 reached 30 temperature, the burner was removed and 6 discs on the needle was placed in the test tube for exactly 1 min thus the test tube was removed from the water ba th. The disks were left in this tube.When the water inside the test tube labelled 40 reached 40 temperature, the above procedure was reiterate. The test tube labelled 50 reached the temperature. in all the procedures were restarted according to the guide. To all the test tubes were added 6 cm3 cold water and a water bath was prepared using a large beaker, tripod. When the water was heated gently to 30, the burner was removed and the 6 red cabbage discs on an impaled needle were placed in the water bath for exactly 1 minute. The discs was pushed off and dropped into the test tube labelled 30. The procedure was repeated for the other tubes. From 40to 90C, all the procedures in own water bath. For 100 the discs, needle were placed in others water bath with the temperature at 100 for 1 minute, then the discs were pushed off and dropped into the test tube labelled 100. The discs in the test tubes were left for 20 minutes and then the tubes were shaken and compared.ResultTemperature /Ob servation30The 6 red cabbage discs were still lofty and unchanged the water was still colourless.40The influence of the 6 red cabbage discs were remained and unchanged purple and the water was still clear.50The colours of 6 red cabbage discs were a little faded and the water became a little purple.60The colours of 6 red cabbage discs were faded flickerer purple more than 50 and the colour of water changed from colourless into light purple.70The colours of 6 red cabbage discs were faded more than 60 and the colour of water changed from transparent into a light blue.80The colours of 6 red cabbage discs were very faded than 70 and the colour of water changed from transparent into a light green.100The colours of 6 red cabbage discs changed from purple into clear and the colour of water was strongly changed from transparent into green.Table 1 Heating the Red Cabbage DiscsDiscussionTable 1 shows clearly that an increase temperature on the red cabbage fades the purple of these discs an d they become more and more faded while the colour of the surrounding water inside the test tube becomes darker and darker. This phenomenon purple-blue-green result from that the red cabbage dices have permeable membranes losing the permeability of their cell membranes. If the temperature goes against what the membranes can withstand, the permeability of membranes increases as the protein becomes denatured, the lipid parts of membranes liquefies and the proteins create holes in the fabric, and the membranes fall apart. The high temperature produces an increase in kinetic energy that makes atoms in the protein to vibrate and move more breaking hydrogen and ionic bonds in protein molecules and changing the 3D shape of the sy waist. These proteins are unable to translate substances in and out of the membrane. All the factors lead to the anthocyanin leaking out of the membranes producing a colour in the water surrounding the red cabbage cells (Erik, 2002). The results of investigating t he effect of temperature on permeable membranes are largely as predicted.There were several variables that controlled this experiment to make sure the results were comparable. The first major secern variable was the size of red cabbage discs. The red cabbage tissue was cut into discs which were used to ensure accuracy by increasing precision in the volume of water. The cylinders should be same for all experiments because the volume of water affected the concentration of the pigment. The second variable was allowing enough time (20 minutes) for colour to be seen. All the test tubes should be left the same and enough time for observations after putting the red cabbage discs into the test tubes. Time altered the effect of the experiment some tubes had a longer effect than others, more of the pigments in the red cabbage cells will leak out and the pigments in the surrounding water. All the material should be washed very thoroughly after cutting. This process made the experiment more hi ghly accurate, because using water to wash the material meant that impurities were minimised. manageable errors may have arisen during this experiment. Firstly, the procedure at the beginning of the experiment was non correctly followed according to the instructions (Lane, 2010c). For instance, 6 cm3 cold water was measured not accurate, the red cabbage leaf did not wash chthonian running water and using another water bath which resulted from the instruction had not been look at carefully and seriously. Secondly, the phenomenons purple-blue-green in this test was a little different from the theory that as the temperature increases, the colour of the surrounding water will become darker (Lane, 2010d). This may stem from much of the red pigment escaping from the discs while heating the red cabbage in the beaker. The result of the higher temperature may have affected this more as a lot of the pigment has already leaked out into the beaker. Another reason may be the concentration of pigment leading to change the stability of the pigment molecule. Thirdly, the time was not sufficient for repeating the experiment, which made the results less accurate.A future experiment should be improved in follow ways. The instruction should be read carefully and thoroughly, so the experiment can go on logical. Secondly, the temperature should be checked at the start of when the red cabbage was put in the water and at the end of the last minute using a thermometer to maintain the temperature of the heated water. Thirdly, a colorimeter should be provided to measure the amount of light absorbed by solution of each reaction temperature. The higher concentration of anthocyanin means a higher reading on the colorimeter. Fourthly, the experiment should be repeated more times to make sure the results were not obtained by chance or by external factors. In addition, the effect of cooler temperature even under 0 could be tested to observe if the membrane is broken down in a similar way.C onclusionIt can be concluded that as the temperature was increased, more of the red pigment leaked out of the permeable membrane. The permeability of the membrane in red cabbages can be damaged by high temperature.

Triangulated Polygons Essay -- Mathematics

From the beginning of time there have been more anomalies in humanity. With the advancement of techniques, tools, and knowledge, our understanding of the world aspires to enlighten our curiosities. The most beneficial to factors throughout our history would include our knowledge of numbers. Numbers hold great possibilities and function forth answers to the most complex systems of life. Our math is integrated into basic aspects of our daily lives, allowing us to unlock our potentials and give keys to uncover the hidden secrets in the universe.There atomic number 18 some applications to mathematics such as triangulating polygons. Triangulation is a surveying technique in which a region is divided into a series of triangular elements base on a line of known length so that accurate measurements of distances and directions may be made by the application of trigonometry. (Company, 2009) Since its discovery, triangulation has lent the world some beneficial advantages. Polygons exi st as multi-sided shapes. These shapes can be subdivided into many non-overlapping triangles. These triangles connect corners to corners, creating diagonals that section it off. These sections are called convex hulls. The many uses of algorithms allow anyone to calculate these triangular hulls. The mathematics behind triangulating polygons was originated in Alexandria by the man, Euclides. Euclides was a classic mathematician who was highly revered as the Father of Geometry. Euclides possessed a mysterious personal life, because his life was non documented and often confused with others. He taught many children mathematics during the reign of Ptolemy. His father and grandfather were thought to be Greek, but this is not certain considering the amazement between him... ...s Formula. Retrieved from ENRICH http//nrich.maths.org/1384Company, H. M. (2009). Triangulation. Retrieved from TheFreeDictionary by Farlex http//www.thefreedictionary.com/triangulationcsunplugged. (2010, October 30). Santas Dirty Socks (Divide and curtail Algorithms). Retrieved from Youtube http//www.youtube.com/watch?v=wVPCT1VjySAlecture, P. T. (1993). Triangulations and Arrangements. McGill University.Math Open Reference. (2009). Euclid. Retrieved from Math Open Reference http//www.mathopenref.com/euclid.htmlSuksak, P. S. (2010, November 30). Catalan Numbers monstrance 2. Retrieved from Slide Share http//www.slideshare.net/PaiSukanyaSuksak/catalan-number-presentation2Teter, M. (2000, March 15). Sonar a way of seeing sound. Retrieved from Cornell Center for Material Research http//www.ccmr.cornell.edu/education/ask/index.html?quid=260 Triangulated Polygons Essay -- MathematicsFrom the beginning of time there have been many anomalies in humanity. With the advancement of techniques, tools, and knowledge, our understanding of the world aspires to clarify our curiosities. The most beneficial to factors throughout our history would include our knowledge of numbers. Numbers hol d great possibilities and bring forth answers to the most complex systems of life. Our mathematics is incorporated into basic aspects of our daily lives, allowing us to unlock our potentials and give keys to uncover the hidden secrets in the universe.There are many applications to mathematics such as triangulating polygons. Triangulation is a surveying technique in which a region is divided into a series of triangular elements based on a line of known length so that accurate measurements of distances and directions may be made by the application of trigonometry. (Company, 2009) Since its discovery, triangulation has lent the world many beneficial advantages. Polygons exist as multi-sided shapes. These shapes can be subdivided into many non-overlapping triangles. These triangles connect corners to corners, creating diagonals that section it off. These sections are called convex hulls. The many uses of algorithms allow anyone to calculate these triangular hulls. The mathematics behind triangulating polygons was originated in Alexandria by the man, Euclides. Euclides was a Greek mathematician who was highly revered as the Father of Geometry. Euclides possessed a mysterious personal life, because his life was not documented and often confused with others. He taught many children mathematics during the reign of Ptolemy. His father and grandfather were thought to be Greek, but this is not certain considering the confusion between him... ...s Formula. Retrieved from ENRICH http//nrich.maths.org/1384Company, H. M. (2009). Triangulation. Retrieved from TheFreeDictionary by Farlex http//www.thefreedictionary.com/triangulationcsunplugged. (2010, October 30). Santas Dirty Socks (Divide and Conquer Algorithms). Retrieved from Youtube http//www.youtube.com/watch?v=wVPCT1VjySAlecture, P. T. (1993). Triangulations and Arrangements. McGill University.Math Open Reference. (2009). Euclid. Retrieved from Math Open Reference http//www.mathopenref.com/euclid.htmlSuksak, P. S. (201 0, November 30). Catalan Numbers Presentation 2. Retrieved from Slide Share http//www.slideshare.net/PaiSukanyaSuksak/catalan-number-presentation2Teter, M. (2000, March 15). Sonar a way of seeing sound. Retrieved from Cornell Center for Material Research http//www.ccmr.cornell.edu/education/ask/index.html?quid=260

Platos Views on the Technology of Writing Essay -- Expository History

Platos Views on the Technology of Writing In the book Phaedrus Plato offers a lot of criticism for a physical composition technology that not many of us would ever think as writing technology, let alone criticize it. This writing technology is none early(a) than writing itself. When people think of writing technology they mostly think of the printing press, the computer, the typewriter and much(prenominal). Yet no one stops to think of writing. Writing has had such a major impact on society that who would ever think that the one of the greatest minds of all time opposed it. Plato was not just a crazy old man afraid of change his criticism can still be applied today. For many people, writing has always been around. Its to a great extent to picture life without writing, books, reading, but at one point all there was was rhetoric. People would entertain themselves not by picking up a book by Jane Austen or Shakespeare. They would go to listen to peop le give speeches. This is what Plato was used to, and when writing came along he resisted the idea that this new invention, writing, could be straightforward for people. First, Plato thought that writing would be bad for peoples memories. He thought writing would encourage forgetfulness and that people would rely too much on writing as a means of recollection. In Phaedrus Socrates points this out to Phaedrus by telling him a story about the Egyptian king Thamus and Theuth an inventor of many arts. For this invention of yours leave create forgetfulness in the learners souls, because they will not use their memories they will trust to the external written characters and not remember of themselves (Plato 87-88). Plato used the character of Thamus to express his feature concerns a... ...ted to, Phaedrus could change his speech. Authors dont really have that luxury. Once a book is in print, they cant change their mind. For example, say a critic says that an author s introduction was horrible and should be rewritten. The author doesnt get the chance to rewrite the introduction. Chances are there are already multiple copies of the book in the bookstores or libraries. As it can be seen, even though Plato brought up these critiques along time ago they can still be applied to life today. As it turns out Plato was not crazy after all, but was able to see the flaws in writing that still plague it today. In addition, these critiques he brought up can also be applied to other forms of writing technology. Works CitedLaRocque, Paula. Language and Lost Credibility. The Quill. Nov. 1999 38Plato. Phaedrus. New York Dover, 1993.